In General There Are No Unsheared Tetrads

Suppose the principal stretches are all different at a point P in a deformed body. In this case, it has been shown [1] that generally there is an infinity of non coplanar infinitesimal material line elements at P which remain unsheared following the deformation – that is, the angle between the arms of each pair of material line elements forming the triad remains unchanged. Here it is shown that in this case when all three principal stretches at P are different, there is no set of four infinitesimal material line elements, no three of which are coplanar, and such that the angle between each pair of the six pairs of material line elements is unchanged following the deformation. It is only when all three principal stretches at P are equal to each other, that there are unsheared tetrads at P, and in that case all tetrads are unsheared. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Photoelastic Investigation of Slippage in Shrink-Fit Assemblies

The development of torque-induced shear stresses in the presence of slippage, and the residual stresses remaining after torque-induced slippage, are analysed using frozen-stress photoelasticity. Shaft/ring specimens were manufactured from epoxy photoelastic material and were assembled by shrink-fitting prior to being loaded under various regimes, notably the application and release of a torque load. The interface pressure was predicted from Lamé thick cylinder theory, and was also estimated by fitting the Lamé model to the measured stress distributions. The distributions of interface shear stress were calculated from averaged photoelastic data, and compared with the results of a dislocation-based model and with a nonlinear finite element model. For a torque loaded specimen there was good agreement between experimental, theoretical and FE data. Another specimen was loaded in torque then unloaded, with results showing the expected features of slippage and residual stress.

Contact interaction of an elastic punch and an elastic half-space with initial (residual) stresses

The contact interaction of an elastic punch of arbitrary cross-section and an elastic semi-space with initial (residual) stresses is studied. A general method to solve the problem is proposed. It allows solving contact problems for bodies with initial (residual) stresses when the solution of the corresponding elastic problem is known __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 28–40, December 2007.     

Dynamic analysis of geometrically nonlinear robot manipulators

In this paper, a method for the dynamic analysis of geometrically nonlinear elastic robot manipulators is presented. Robot arm elasticity is introduced using a finite element method which allows for the gross arm rotations. A shape function which accounts for the combined effects of rotary inertia and shear deformation is employed to describe the arm deformation relative to a selected component reference. Geometric elastic nonlinearities are introduced into the formulation by retaining the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement relationships. This has lead to a new stiffness matrix that depends on the rotary inertia and shear deformation and which has to be iteratively updated during the dynamic simulation. Mechanical joints are introduced into the formulation using a set of nonlinear algebraic constraint equations. A set of independent coordinates is identified over each subinterval and is employed to define the system state equations. In order to exemplify the analysis, a two-armed robot manipulator is solved. In this example, the effect of introducing geometric elastic nonlinearities and inertia nonlinearities on the robot arm kinematics, deformations, joint reaction forces and end-effector trajectory are investigated.     

Effects of Combination Treatments with Astaxanthin-Loaded Microparticles and Pentoxifylline on Intracellular ROS and Radiosensitivity of J774A.1 Macrophages

Radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) is a serious, yet incurable, complication of external beam radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer. Macrophages are key cellular actors in RIF because of their ability to produce reactive oxidants, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines that, in turn, are the drivers of pro-fibrotic pathways. In a previous work, we showed that phagocytosis could be exploited to deliver the potent natural antioxidant astaxanthin specifically to macrophages. For this purpose, astaxanthin encapsulated into µm-sized protein particles could specifically target macrophages that can uptake the particles by phagocytosis. In these cells, astaxanthin microparticles significantly reduced intracellular ROS levels and the secretion of bioactive TGFβ and increased cell survival after radiation treatments. Here we show that pentoxifylline, a drug currently used for the treatment of muscle pain resulting from peripheral artery disease, amplifies the effects of astaxanthin microparticles on J774A.1 macrophages. Combination treatments with pentoxifylline and encapsulated astaxanthin might reduce the risk of RIF in cancer patients.     

Triaxial stress state of cylindrical openings for rocks modeled by elastoplasticity and strength criterion

An analytical solution for calculating the triaxial stress state around a cylindrical opening in an elastoplastic cohesive medium is developed. Magnitude of the slip zones around a cylindrical opening in crack-weakened rock masses is considered by modifying the existing strength criterion for rocks of different types. The disturbance coefficient, the geological strength index and the other strength parameters are also investigated.     

Direct structural observation of the alignment and elongation in lyotropic chromonic liquid crystals under shear flow

The structural characterization of the orientation and elongation under shear flow in Lyotropic Chromonic Liquid Crystals (LCLCs) molecules, Sunset Yellow FCF (SSY), was performed by in situ rheological small/wide angle X-ray scattering (Rheo-SAXS/WAXS). The X-ray measurement results clearly demonstrated that the stacked aggregates were oriented and elongated to the shear direction under shear flow. Further shear rate increase caused the enhancement in the orientation and elongation with the inter-aggregate distance constant, and then the structural change decreased implying the onset of the orientation saturation at high shear rates.     

薄膜砷化镓太阳能电池晶圆片金-金键合热应力影响因素分析

针对砷化镓太阳能电池键合过程中键合界面位错密度过大、部分区域解键合等问题,通过金-金热压键合技术结合有限元方法,提出了一系列降低结构热应力的有效途径.以砷化镓薄膜电池GaAs/Au/PI晶圆片为研究对象,建立三维电池模型,观察和分析了在热和压力同时作用下键合界面的热应力分布及结构变形情况,并探究了金层厚度与热压曲线对结构热应力的影响.分析结果表明,所提出的改进方法使结构热应力大大减少,提高了电池的键合率.     

Residual stress in the cylindrical drawing cup of SUS304 stainless steel evaluated by split-ring test

The residual stresses in the wall of a SUS304 stainless steel cylindrical drawing cup were evaluated by split-ring tests, and the influences of stamping die parameters on the residual stress were investigated. A new theoretical model of a split-ring test was developed to evaluate the residual stress in a ring, which was verified to be reasonable and reliable by numerical simulations with ABAQUS code and by nanoindentation tests. Seven groups of split-ring tests were completed, and the residual stresses were calculated according to the theoretical model. The split-ring test results showed that the circumferential residual stress in the wall of the SUS304 stainless steel cylindrical drawing cup was very large and did not change with the different die corner radius.The circumferential residual stress first increased with the increase of drawing punch–die clearance, then was almost unchanged when the clearance increased greater than blank thickness 1 mm. Thus, a smaller clearance was suggested to be chosen to reduce the residual stress in the wall of the SUS304 stainless steel drawing cup.     

Active stress as a local regulator of global size in morphogenesis

While a general consensus exists that the morphogenesis of living organisms has its roots in genetically encoded information, there is a big debate about the physical mechanisms that actually mediate its control. In embryo development, cells stop proliferating at homeostasis, a target state in terms of physical conditions that can represent, for instance, the shape and size of an organ. However, while control of mitosis is local, the spatial dimension of a tissue is a global information. How do single cells get aware of that at the same time? Which is their communication mechanism? While morphogen factors are demonstrated to play a key role in morphogenesis, and in particular for shape emergence, they seem unable to produce a global control on size by themselves and, conversely, many recent experiments suggest that active mechanics plays a role. Here we focus on a paradigmatic larval structure: the imaginal disc that will become the wing of the fruit fly. By a formalization of theoretical conjectures in terms of simple mathematical models, we show that inhomogeneous stress, likely dictated by morphogenetic patterns, is an admissible mechanism to convey locally the global information of organ size.