沉水植物对受重金属镉、锌污染的水体底泥的修复效果

为了探究常见沉水植物对水体底泥中重金属污染的富集效果,选取浙江水域较为常见的3种沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria natans （Lour.） Hara）、黑藻（Hydrilla verticillata（Linn.f.） Royle）、金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）,在模拟天然水体环境中,将3种沉水植物培养在含有重金属Cd、Zn的底泥中生长一个生活周期.依据沉水植物对重金属Cd、Zn的富集量和生物-沉积物生物富集因子（biota-sediment accumulation factor,BSAF）等指标,筛选出对2种重金属元素富集效果较好的沉水植物,为受重金属污染底泥生态修复的植物选择提供一定的参考.结果表明：3种沉水植物对重金属Cd、Zn的耐受性均较强,同时对重金属Cd、Zn都有较高的富集能力,生物富集因子大于1,对底泥中的Cd、Zn均具有较好的祛除效果;由相关分析可知,3种沉水植物体中的Cd、Zn的质量分数与其根部底泥中Cd、Zn的质量分数呈极显著的负相关（p<0.01）,因此这3种植物均可作为重金属Cd、Zn污染的修复物种.苦草对重金属Cd、Zn的富集量及BSAF均大于黑藻和金鱼藻,对重金属Cd的富集量分别达到了黑藻和金鱼藻的1.90和3.02倍.因此可考虑苦草作为水体底泥Cd、Zn复合污染生态修复的先锋物种.     

核素随水-悬浮泥沙-底泥沙迁移模型

考虑了泥沙吸附和解吸、沉降和再悬浮对水相和泥沙相核素浓度的影响,根据质量守恒定律、吸附动力学方程和泥沙工程学建立了河流核素迁移的整体模型,进而得到分相模型.运用所得的模型对资江核电站排出的Sr在河流中迁移转化进行模拟,模拟结果表明所建模型基本上能反映Sr在水体中随水-悬浮泥沙-底泥沙的迁移规律.     

Structural properties of charged diblock copolymer solutions

Aqueous micellar solutions of ionic/neutral block copolymers have been studied by light scattering, small angle neutron scattering and small angle X-ray scattering. We made use of a polymer comprised of a short hydrophobic block (polyethylene-propylene) PEP and of a long polyelectrolytic block (polystyrene-sulfonate) PSSNa which has been shown previously to micellize in water. The apparent polydispersity of these micelles is studied in detail, showing the existence of a few large aggregates coexisting with the population of micelles. Solutions of micelles are found to order above some threshold in polymer concentration. The order is liquid-like, as demonstrated by the evolution with concentration of the peak observed in the structure factor (), and the degree of order is found to be identical over a large range of concentrations (up to 20 wt%). Consistent values of the aggregation number of the micelles are found by independent methods. The effect of salt addition on the order is found to be weak. Received: 19 June 1997 / Received in final form: 4 September 1997 / Accepted: 9 October 1997     

深海低声速沉积层简正波用于海底参数反演*

现有深海地声参数反演研究通常基于全波场理论,存在计算量大、多值性以及需要准确的水文环境信息等问题。针对这一问题,提出一种基于简正波频散特征的深海低声速沉积层海底参数反演方法。在南海北部大陆坡海域的一次实验中,坐底式水听器(深度约1740 m)接收的沉底弹信号中观察到一种低频成分先到而高频成分后至的到达结构,由被限制在低声速沉积层的简正波组成。通过匹配沉积层简正波60-220 Hz频段内的到达时间差对实验海域的低声速海底参数进行反演,得到沉积层厚度为16.4 m,沉积层声速为1450.5 m/s,与底质采样数据比较吻合,且具有较高的可信度,验证了所提方法的有效性。由于沉积层密度对简正波频散特征的敏感性较差,其反演结果可信度不是很高,需要进一步研究。     

Aeolian transport of sand

The airborne transport of particles on a granular surface by the saltation mechanism is studied through numerical simulation of particles dragged by turbulent air flow. We calculate the saturated flux q_s and show that its dependence on the wind strength u_* is consistent with several empirical relations obtained from experimental measurements. We propose and explain a new relation for fluxes close to the threshold velocity u_t, namely, q_s=a(u_*-u_t)^α with α≈2. We also obtain the distortion of the velocity profile of the wind due to the drag of the particles and find a novel dynamical scaling relation. We also obtain a new expression for the dependence of the height of the saltation layer as function of the strength of the wind.     

海底沉积物压缩波速度与切变波速度的关系

基于连续介质假设,根据无吸收各向同性弹性介质通用方程分析沉积物声波传播关系,提出应用弹性结构分布因子表达的声速通用模型(GMSS,General Model of Sound Speed)分析海底沉积物的声速特性;通过研究Willey时间平均模型、Wood方程、Gassmann方程、Buckingham模型、Biot-Stoll模型和EDFM模型,可以表述成GMSS通用模型中的弹性结构分布因子的具体表达形式,得出GMSS通用模型在解释压缩波速度和切变波速度特性上具有一致性的特点。GMSS通用模型具有弹性结构分布因子、孔隙度、孔隙海水的等效密度和等效弹性模量、固相颗粒的等效密度、固相颗粒的等效体积弹性模量和等效切变弹性模量共7个参数,为研究海底沉积物压缩波和切变波速度提供了一种模型简单、参数少、通用性强的方法。但也需要从物理结构上以及应力应变关系上开展更为深入的分析和探寻GMSS模型的物理意义和参数测量的方法。     

海底介质的声学特性研究

海底作为声波在水中传播的下边界,其声学特性对水中声场分布的影响巨大。在近60年的研究中,海底沉积物的声学特性建模研究已取得众多成果,然而这些成果还远远不能满足现代化水声技术发展的要求。文章从基本的海底结构组成出发,在海底地声建模的基础上揭示出声波与海底的作用关系。     

Magneto-orientational properties of ionically stabilized aqueous dispersions of Ni(OH)2 nanoplatelets

Magnetic and orientational behavior of nickel hydroxide nanoplatelets ionically stabilized in a liquid matrix is studied. Under an applied field the platelets orient their faces normal to its direction. For characterization of the individual behavior of dispersed and non-interacting particles three techniques are used: SAXS, SQUID and magneto-optics. Analysis reveals that nickel hydroxide in a platelet phase is paramagnetic with a pronounced anisotropy of the intrinsic susceptibility, the major component of which (in the direction normal to platelet face) exceeds the minor one by about 25%.     

Environmental radioactivity of soils and sediments: Egyptian sector of the Nile valley

The activity concentrations of natural ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U in 89 soil and 84 sediment samples collected over the entire Egyptian Nile River basin including the Nile delta are reported based on the results of epithermal neutron activation analysis. The average activity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th, and ²³⁸U equal to 15.3?±?6.6, 15.6?±?11.1 and 220?±?31 Bq/kg, respectively, are significantly lower than those reported for the Upper Continental Crust, World Average Sediments as well as World Average Soils, suggesting the presence of a considerable portion of mafic material, most probably originating from the Ethiopian High Plateau. Their average activity concentrations are statistically the same in soil and sediments, indicating that the Nile sediments and soil material are of the same origin. The main goal of this study was not only to estimate the radiological hazards but also to show the influence of sedimentary material transportable by the Blue Nile from the Ethiopian High Plateau. The different hazard indices like the radium equivalent, gamma index, external hazard as well as the internal hazard show a low radiological exposure either on direct contact or if local mud bricks are used in the construction of dwellings.     

宁波港北仑港区冲淤里初探

本文根据北仑港区的水文资料,运用三种不同方法进行初步的冲淤计算。计算成果与北仑港区地形测量资料比较一致。分析了水动力条件,床面切应力以及地形等资料,认为目前本区是处于稳定阶段,水流足能把来沙带走。