Rapid End‐Group Modification of Polysaccharides for Biomaterial Applications in Regenerative Medicine

Polysaccharides have emerged as important functional materials because of their unique properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and availability of reactive sites for chemical modifications to optimize their properties. The overwhelming majority of the methods to modify polysaccharides employ random chemical modifications, which often improve certain properties while compromising others. On the other hand, the employed methods for selective modifications often require excess of coupling partners, long reaction times and are limited in their scope and wide applicability. To circumvent these drawbacks, aniline‐catalyzed oxime formation is developed for selective modification of a variety of polysaccharides through their reducing end. Notably, it is found that for efficient oxime formation, different conditions are required depending on the composition of the specific polysaccharide. It is also shown how our strategy can be applied to improve the physical and functional properties of alginate hydrogels, which are widely used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. While the randomly and selectively modified alginate exhibits similar viscoelastic properties, the latter forms significantly more stable hydrogel and superior cell adhesive and functional properties. Our results show that the developed conjugation reaction is robust and should open new opportunities for preparing polysaccharide‐based functional materials with unique properties.

     

超声提取防风多糖的抗氧化活性研究

采用不同电功率和频率的超声波辅助提取防风多糖,通过体外抗氧化实验,研究了多糖抗氧化活性与超声电功率及频率的变化规律。实验结果表明:超声频率为135kHz、电功率为290W时,提取的防风多糖得率最高,达到7.12%。超声频率在80kHz和135kHz,电功率范围在150W～220W时提取的防风多糖抗氧化活性较高。超声提取防风多糖能够提高提取效率,选择适当的电功率和频率能达到较好的抗氧化活性效果。     

灵芝多糖结构及其组成研究

采用沸水回流法从赤灵芝子实体中提取多糖,经Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇沉淀,离心、流水透析、浓缩、冻干后得灵芝多糖,单糖经乙酰化处理进行外标法定量,并利用苯酚-硫酸法、紫外、红外及X衍射光谱法、凝胶分子排阻色谱-蒸发散射检测器法、气相和气质谱色谱法进行多糖组分、含量、结构和分子量分析研究,结果表明： 灵芝多糖为米黄色,得率为2%左右,其含量≥43%,红外光谱显示灵芝多糖结构主要为β-糖甘键连接的吡喃型葡聚糖,其多糖的主要单糖组分为葡萄糖,含量为89%左右,并含有其他少量的单糖组分D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖。其多糖主要为同均糖,多糖为非晶型结构,分子量主要分布在8×104～2×105之间,分子质量主要为2×105的生物大分子。     

海藻中的类胡萝卜素及其在食品等领域中的应用

论述了海藻中类胡萝卜素的性质、分类及其提取、分离的方法,分析了类胡萝卜素在食品等领域中的应用现状和前景,为其在食品等领域深层次的开发利用奠定基础．     

芥菜多糖的研究

采用Sevag法除蛋白和乙醚除脂,再水煮-醇沉法,从芥菜中提取得到浅黄色芥菜粗多糖。苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖含量;UV法及IR法检测多糖性质;自动旋光仪测定旋光度;HPLC鉴定多糖的单糖组分及其相对百分比含量;采用凝胶渗透色谱-激光光散射联用技术(SEC-LLS)分析多糖的分子量范围及其分布。该芥菜多糖,无甜味,易溶于水,总糖含量为98．96%;192 nm处有明显吸收峰,260,280 nm处无吸收峰,证明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析,在3 402,2 926,2 853,1 636,1 400,1 385,1 326, 1 125,757,658,619,559 cm-1处表现为典型的多糖吸收峰;旋光度为+151.5°。糖残基间的苷键可能为α-糖苷键;分子量在1.42×104～2.55×106之间,80%的组分集中在2.1×105左右;芥菜多糖主要由葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和木糖组成,其摩尔比值为21.4∶12.89∶5.6∶4∶2.5。     

Amylose and Amylopectin Hybrid Materials via Enzymatic Pathways

Summary: Oligo- and polysaccharides are important macromolecules in living systems, showing their multifunctional characteristics in the construction of cell walls, energy storage, cell recognition and their immune response. Saccharides as organic raw materials can open new perspectives on the way to new biocompatible and biodegradable products which could help to overcome the problems resulting from the upcoming restrictions of petrochemical resources. Construction of well-defined carbohydrate polymer backbones is very challenging as it is difficult to realize complete regio and stereo-control of the glycosylating process. Most synthetic approaches are therefore based on the modification or degradation of naturally occurring polysaccharides resulting in less then perfect products. Enzymes have several remarkable catalytic properties compared with other types of catalysts in terms of their selectivity, high catalytic activity, lack of undesirable side reactions and operation under mild conditions. A biocatalytic pathway to synthesize saccharides is therefore very attractive as it results in well-defined polysaccharides avoiding the above drawbacks. When biogenic polysaccharides are combined with synthetic macromolecules, surfaces etc. materials with new interesting properties arise and the processability of the designed hybrid materials is facilitated. Amylose and amylopectin hybrid materials can be synthesized via enzymatic polymerization routes utilizing transferases. This approach opens access to well-defined hybrid structures bearing amylase or amylopectin moieties that cannot be synthesized by any other means.     

Found in the Folds: A Rediscovery of Ancient Egyptian Pleated Textiles and the Analysis of Carbohydrate Coatings

Charles T. Currelly, first director of the Royal Ontario Museum, participated in excavations of the tomb of King Nebhepetre, now known as Mentuhotep II, (Dynasty XI) in Deir el-Bahri, Egypt in 1906. He brought to Canada many objects from the excavations, and objects that he purchased while in Egypt; these formed the initial collection of the museum. Among the objects were seven fragments of fine linen cloth with intricate pleat patterns. Recently, the cloths became the subject of a study to learn how they had retained their pleats for 4000 years. Samples were examined and analysed using polarised light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy-electron dispersive X-ray spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three of the cloths were likely fragments of clothing re-purposed as bandages and were found to be saturated in mummification balms composed of Pinaceae resin, Pistacia resin, and an essential oil characterised by a high abundance of cedrol, possibly originating from a juniper species. All seven of the cloths were found to have traces of polysaccharides from two probable sources: an arabinogalactan gum such as gum arabic or a fruit gum, and a polyglucoside, possibly starch.     

Structural Characteristics,Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Polysaccharide from Siraitia grosvenorii

The structural characterization, the in vitro antioxidant activity, and the hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (SGP-1-1) isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii (SG) were studied in this paper. SGP-1-1, whose molecular weight is 19.037 kDa, consisted of Gal:Man:Glc in the molar ratio of 1:2.56:4.90. According to the results of methylation analysis, GC–MS, and NMR, HSQC was interpreted as a glucomannan with a backbone composed of 4)-β-D-Glcp-(1→4)-, α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-, and 4)-Manp-(1 residues. α-1,6 linked an α-D-Galp branch, and α-1,6 linked an α-D-Glcp branch. The study indirectly showed that SGP-1-1 has good in vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities and that these activities may be related to the fact that the SGP-1-1’s monosaccharide composition (a higher proportion of Gal and Man) is the glycosidic-bond type (α- and β-glycosidic bonds). SGP-1-1 could be used as a potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic candidate for functional and nutritional food applications.     

Mushroom Polysaccharide-Assisted Anticarcinogenic Mycotherapy: Reviewing Its Clinical Trials

Of the biologically active components, polysaccharides play a crucial role of high medical and pharmaceutical significance. Mushrooms have existed for a long time, dating back to the time of the Ancient Egypt and continue to be well explored globally and experimented with in research as well as in national and international cuisines. Mushroom polysaccharides have slowly become valuable sources of nutraceuticals which have been able to treat various diseases and disorders in humans. The application of mushroom polysaccharides for anticancer mycotherapy is what is being reviewed herein. The widespread health benefits of mushroom polysaccharides have been highlighted and the significant inputs of mushroom-based polysaccharides in anticancer clinical trials have been presented. The challenges and limitation of mushroom polysaccharides into this application and the gaps in the current application areas that could be the future direction have been discussed.