BUFFER AND COMPLIANT DYNAMIC SURFACE CONTROL OF SPACE ROBOT CAPTURING SATELLITE BASED ON COMPLIANT MECHANISM$^{\bf 1)}$

研究了空间机器人在轨捕获非合作卫星过程避免关节受碰撞冲击破坏的缓冲从顺控制问题, 为此在机械臂与关节电机之间配置了一种柔性机构, 其作用在于: (1)在接触、碰撞阶段可通过其内置弹簧的变形来吸收被捕获卫星对空间机器人关节产生的冲击力矩; (2)在镇定运动阶段, 结合与之配合的缓冲从顺控制策略来适时开、关关节电机, 以保证关节受到的冲击力矩受限在安全范围. 首先, 利用多刚体系统理论获得配置柔性机构空间机器人及目标卫星分体系统动力学方程; 之后, 结合整个系统动量守恒关系, 捕获操作后系统运动几何关系及力的传递规律, 建立了两者形成联合体系统的动力学方程, 并计算了碰撞过程的冲击效应与冲击力. 为了实现失稳联合体系统的镇定控制, 提出了一种基于动态面的缓冲从顺控制方案. 上述控制方案可在实现吸收捕获操作产生的冲击力矩的同时, 还能在冲击力矩过大时适时开启、关闭关节电机, 以避免关节电机发生破坏; 此外, 动态面的引入避免了反演法存在的计算膨胀问题, 有效减少了计算量. 基于Lyapunov函数法证明了系统的稳定性, 并通过系统数值仿真结果验证了上述缓冲从顺控制策略的正确性.     

双臂空间机器人系统末端惯性空间轨迹的反馈跟踪控制

本文讨论了载体位置不受控制的双臂空间机器人系统的载体姿态与机械臂末端抓手协调运动的控制问题.结合系统的动量守恒关系对双臂空间机器人系统的运动学、动力学作了分析,推导出了系统的载体姿态与机械臂末端抓手协调运动的增广广义Jacobi关系.并以此为基础,给出在载体位置不受控制的情况下,惯性坐标系内双臂空间机器人系统的载体姿态与机械臂末端抓手协调运动的反馈跟踪控制规律.研究结果表明,在系统动力学模型及参数较精确确定的情况下,本文提出的控制方案能够有效地控制双臂空间机器人机械臂的末端抓手与载体姿态准确地完成指定的运动,而不需对其载体的位置进行主动控制.仿真计算结果证实了方法的有效性.     

Requirements and system design for a robot performing selective cleaning in young forest stands

Cleaning is a silvicultural tending operation, primarily aimed at improving the growing conditions of the remaining trees in young stands (ca. 3 m of height). The cost of cleaning has increased in comparison to other forest operations, and the annually cleaned area has decreased in Sweden. Therefore, cleaning with robots might be the key to improve profitability. This paper aims at assessing some design requirements, and suggesting an architecture for a robot cleaning in young forest stands, based on reviewed literature and our own research. The results of cleaning performed by robots have to reach acceptable results and be done at a competitive cost. The robot has to find, select, and handle trees in the whole assigned area according to given instructions. Furthermore, it must be safe for humans, capable of moving safely within the forest environment, and be able to handle snow and other prevalent boreal weather conditions. The vehicle’s size and mass are of importance, and bear on its ability to manoeuvre among remaining stems. Generally, the robot must be capable of operating independently and unattended for several hours in a dynamic and non-deterministic environment. Obstacle avoidance and target identification are identified as the most difficult problems. Machine vision, radar, and laser scanners are promising techniques for both obstacle avoidance, tree identification, and tool control. The proposed architecture is based on a hybrid between the reactive and the hierarchical robot paradigms.     

多机械臂搬运同一物体的协调动态载荷分配

针对多机械臂共同搬运同一物体形成闭运动链的协调系统,研究了多机械臂协调动态载荷分配存在冗余情况下的实时性分配方法文中提出了“应集中惯性质量棒”的概念,进而根据各机械臂的承载能力,采用线性加权的方法发展了一种操作物体质心处零内力的载荷分配原则。最后给出了系统载荷分配的解析表达式,有效地解决了多机械臂搬运同一物体时其动态载荷分配的实时性问题。     

柔性机械臂两点边值逆动力学方法——理论分析和实验结果

基于最优控制模拟思想提出了柔性机械臂的两点边值逆动力学方法．应用柔性机械臂的两种动力学模型可实现机械臂的点 点位置运动或轨迹追踪，同时显著降低或消除了结构柔性对其精确定位的影响．数值仿真和实验结果同理论分析完全一致     

Automatic method of fruit object extraction under complex agricultural background for vision system of fruit picking robot

Fruit picking robot is required for agricultural automation for fruit harvest, and vision system is the important and crucial composition of a robot system. An automatic extraction method of fruit object under complex agricultural background for vision system in fruit picking robot is presented in this study. The method is based on an improving Otsu threshold algorithm using a new feature in OHTA color space. Color features are extracted in OHTA color space and then used as an input for the Otsu threshold algorithm which calculates the segmentation threshold value automatically. Four kinds of fruit images are selected to validate the automatic extraction method. The fruit objects are automatically extracted with this method and the outputs are presented in binary images. Numerous of experiments show that the automatic extraction method can extract mature fruit from complex agricultural background and the extraction accuracy is more than 95%. The results indicate an effective fruit object extraction method for vision system of fruit picking robot.     

智能型实物棋盘人机对弈象棋机器人的制作简

以物理学原理为基础,结合机械运动原理与电子控制技术。制作了智能型实物棋盘人机对弈象棋机器人。利用霍尔元件感知磁场、电磁铁吸引棋子和落放棋子、三维机械臂移动棋子、单片机程序控制三维机械臂的运动,完成人与机器人对弈象棋的整个过程。结果表明。设计制作的智能型实物棋盘人机对弈象棋机器人完全能与下棋者在实物棋盘下象棋．该机器人下棋能力强,动作自如。     

以弹跳机器人为背景的弹性环弹跳运动能量转换

文章以弹性环作为弹跳机器人的简单物理模型,研究弹性环对胡克定律的适用性以及弹性势能与初始动能的关系,在此基础上得出忽略空气阻力以及考虑空气阻力的理论弹起高度.文章利用高速摄像系统对弹性环运动过程进行观测,数据分析结果表明理论值与实验结果吻合较好.本文对于弹性环这种简单弹跳模型所得的研究结果有助于为弹跳机器人的能量转换效率及控制弹跳高度提供参考.     

改进蚁群算法在移动机器人路径规划中的研究

移动机器人合理的路径规划是进行探索任务的前提,针对移动机器人路径规划的复杂性,把蚁群算法引入到机器人路径规划中;普通的蚁群算法存在收敛速度慢、效率低和容易陷入局部最优等缺陷,难以直接应用于机器人路径规划中;提出一种在蚁群算法中改进信息素的更新方式、引入最大最小蚁群系统以及改进状态转移规则的移动机器人路径规划方法,在栅格环境下对移动机器人的路径规划进行仿真测试,仿真结果表明该方法能缩小最优路径的查找范围,降低发现最优路径所需的循环次数,能有效提高最优路径的搜索效率,整体性能优于普通蚁群算法。     

Texture gradient studies of a Cu‐tube by the robot at STRESS‐SPEC

The handling of larger samples for texture studies is limited when we using the Eulerian cradle. The robot Stäubli RX160 installed at STRESS‐SPEC offers much more freedom in sample manipulation on one hand to perform pole figure scanning and on the other hand to position the sample for a texture mapping. A key problem is that slit systems cannot be positioned close to large samples due to safety reasons which makes corrections more important. A very simple solution was tested to correct the scattered intensity for each pole figure point for constant volume and anisotropic absorption. A simple method to make these corrections is needed because engineering samples such as semi‐finished products have a large variety of shapes and weights and an ideal slit system is only seldomly available. The test sample was a Cu‐tube of 140 mm in diameter with an average wall thickness of 10 mm. To compare the corrections three kind of samples were measured, first a cube of 10 × 10 × 11 mm³ without any correction, second an 11 mm long tube segment and third a tube segment of 250 mm (12 kg weight) in length. Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) analysis of the average texture over the tube wall by the iterative series expansion method has shown that sufficient intensity corrections can be done to describe the texture gradient around the circumference of the Cu‐tube related to low ovality and eccentricity of the Cu‐tube.