Simple, expedient methods for the determination of water and electrolyte contents of cellulose solvent systems

The concentrations of water, W, and electrolytes present in solutions of LiCl in N,N-dimethylacetamide, LiCl/DMAc, and of tetrabutylammonium fluoride. x-hydrate in DMSO, TBAF.xW/DMSO can be accurately and expediently determined by three independent methods, UV–vis, FTIR and EMF measurement. The first relies on the use of solvatochromic probes whose spectra are sensitive to solution composition. It is applicable to W/LiCl/DMAc solutions but not to TBAF.xW/DMSO, because the charge-transfer complex bands of the probes are suppressed by strong interactions with the latter electrolyte. Integration of ν_OH band of water may be employed in order to determine [W], hence [electrolyte] by weight difference. EMF measurement uses ion-selective electrodes in order to determine [electrolyte], hence [W] by weight difference. Results of the latter method were in excellent agreement with those of FTIR. The reason for the failure of Karl Fischer titration is addressed, and the relevance of the results obtained to functionalization of cellulose under homogenous solution conditions is briefly commented on.     

Newton-Leibniz integration for ket-bra operators in quantum mechanics and derivation of entangled state representations

Newton-Leibniz integration rule only applies to commuting functions of continuum variables, while operators made of Dirac’s symbols (ket versus bra, e.g., |q〉〈q| of continuous parameter q) in quantum mechanics are usually not commutative. Therefore, integrations over the operators of type |〉〈| cannot be directly performed by Newton-Leibniz rule. We invented an innovative technique of integration within an ordered product (IWOP) of operators that made the integration of non-commutative operators possible. The IWOP technique thus bridges this mathematical gap between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics, and further reveals the beauty and elegance of Dirac’s symbolic method and transformation theory. Various applications of the IWOP technique, including constructing the entangled state representations and their applications, are presented.     

Multiple image encryption using an aperture-modulated optical system

A multiple image cryptosystem based on different apertures in an optical set-up under a holographic arrangement is proposed. The system is a security architecture that uses different pupil aperture mask in the encoding lens to encrypt different images. Based on this approach multiple encryption is achieved by changing the pupil aperture arrangement of the optical system among exposures. In addition to the classical speckle phase mask, the geometrical parameters characterizing the apertures are introduced to increase the system security. Even when an illegal user steals the speckle phase mask, the system cannot be broken into without the correct pupil geometrical parameters. The experimental set-up is based on a volume photorefractive BSO crystal as storing device. Information retrieval is done via a phase conjugation operation. We also have to stress that the multiple storage under this scheme, is only possible with the help of the aperture mask. Simulation and experimental results are further introduced to verify the proposed method.     

Spectral line suppression and sideband narrowing via quantum interference

We reveal that for a realistic system, interference effects are obtained such as the suppression of central line and inner sidebands and the narrowing of the outer fluorescence sidebands. For this purpose, we consider a spontaneous decay from an excited state to a metastable state when the excited and metastable states are resonantly coupled to an auxiliary metastable state by a laser field and a microwave field, respectively. The fluorescence spectrum evolves from a five-peaked structure into a doublet of ultrasharp lines as the ratio of the laser field Rabi frequency to the microwave Rabi frequency is decreased. The physical origin is presented in terms of dressed states.     

Two-photon revival-collapse phenomenon in the evolution of the quadrature squeezing of the four-photon Jaynes-Cummings model

We prove that the revival-collapse phenomenon occurring in the atomic inversion of the two-photon Jaynes-Cummings model, when the mode is initially prepared in the coherent state and the atom is in the excited state, can be obtained from the evolution of the quadrature squeezing of the four-photon Jaynes-Cummings model.     

The dielectric constant of barium mono-chalcogenides and their improved band gap results

We have applied Engel-Vosko exchange energy within density functional theory, to calculate the electronic structure and the optical properties of BaX (X = Te, Se, and S) compounds via full potential linearized augmented plane wave method. We have found that this improves the band gap results comparing to our previous work in which we had made use of Perdew et al. exchange energy functional. We have also calculated the dielectric constant of these compounds, using both Perdew et al. and Engel-Vosko schemes. It is shown that Engel-Vosko exchange energy functional leads to a better result. We have also reported the effect of spin-orbit coupling on the results.     

关于圈的完全正矩阵实现

本文给出了一个关联图为圈的非负、半正定矩阵A为完全正的一个充要条件.我们还证明了这样的矩阵A（当A为完全正时）的分解指数即为A的阶数.     

在一个新步长规则下梯度投影算法的全局收敛性

考虑约束最优化问题：minx∈Ωf(x)其中:f:R^n→R是连续可微函数，Ω是一闭凸集。本文研究了解决此问题的梯度投影方法，在步长的选取时采用了一种新的策略，在较弱的条件下，证明了梯度投影响方法的全局收敛性。     

Construction and classification of complex simple Lie algebras via projective geometry

We construct the complex simple Lie algebras using elementary algebraic geometry. We use our construction to obtain a new proof of the classification of complex simple Lie algebras that does not appeal to the classification of root systems.     

Linear and nonlinear optical susceptibilities of orthorhombic rare earth molybdates RE2(MoO4)3

The dielectric responses (i.e. the refractive indices and the second order nonlinear susceptibilities) of all orthorhombic rare earth molybdates have been studied on the basis of the relationship between dielectric responses and the average atomic number of constituent atoms of crystals. Both the linear and second order nonlinear optical responses at 1.064 μm decrease with increasing atomic number from La to Lu.