Self‐Assembled Poly(N‐methylaniline)–Lignosulfonate Spheres: From Silver‐Ion Adsorbent to Antimicrobial Material

Self‐assembled poly(N‐methylaniline)–lignosulfonate (PNMA–LS) composite spheres with reactive silver‐ion adsorbability were prepared from N‐methylaniline by using lignosulfonate (LS) as a dispersant. The results show that the PNMA–LS composite consisted of spheres with good size distribution and an average diameter of 1.03–1.27 μm, and the spheres were assembled by their final nanofibers with an average diameter of 19–34 nm. The PNMA–LS composite spheres exhibit excellent silver‐ion adsorption; the maximum adsorption capacity of silver ions is up to 2.16 g g^?1 at an adsorption temperature of 308 K. TEM and wide‐angle X‐ray results of the PNMA–LS composite spheres after absorption of silver ions show that silver ions are reduced to silver nanoparticles with a mean diameter of about 11.2 nm through a redox reaction between the PNMA–LS composite and the silver ions. The main adsorption mechanism between the PNMA–LS composite and the silver ions is chelation and redox adsorption. In particular, a ternary PNMA–LS–Ag composite achieved by using the reducing reaction between PNMA–LS composite spheres and silver ions can be used as an antibacterial material with high bactericidal rate of 99.95 and 99.99 % for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus cells, respectively.     

Redox‐Switchable Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Catalyst Design,Synthesis, and Study

High yielding syntheses of 1‐(ferrocenylmethyl)‐3‐mesitylimidazolium iodide ( 1 ) and 1‐(ferrocenylmethyl)‐3‐mesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene ( 2 ) were developed. Complexation of 2 to [{Ir(cod)Cl}₂] (cod=cis,cis‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene) or [Ru(PCy₃)Cl₂(?CH‐o‐O‐iPrC₆H₄)] (Cy=cyclohexyl) afforded 3 ([Ir( 2 )(cod)Cl]) and 5 ([Ru( 2 )Cl₂(?CH‐o‐O‐iPrC₆H₄)]), respectively. Complex 4 ([Ir( 2 )(CO)₂Cl]) was obtained by bubbling carbon monoxide through a solution of 3 in CH₂Cl₂. Spectroelectrochemical IR analysis of 4 revealed that the oxidation of the ferrocene moiety in 2 significantly reduced the electron‐donating ability of the N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand (ΔTEP=9 cm^?1; TEP=Tolman electronic parameter). The oxidation of 5 with [Fe(η⁵‐C₅H₄COMe)Cp][BF₄] as well as the subsequent reduction of the corresponding product [ 5 ][BF₄] with decamethylferrocene (Fc*) each proceeded in greater than 95 % yield. Mössbauer, UV/Vis and EPR spectroscopy analysis confirmed that [ 5 ][BF₄] contained a ferrocenium species, indicating that the iron center was selectively oxidized over the ruthenium center. Complexes 5 and [ 5 ][BF₄] were found to catalyze the ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of diethyl diallylmalonate with observed pseudo‐first‐order rate constants (k_obs) of 3.1×10^?4 and 1.2×10^?5 s^?1, respectively. By adding suitable oxidants or reductants over the course of a RCM reaction, complex 5 was switched between different states of catalytic activity. A second‐generation N‐heterocyclic carbene that featured a 1′,2′,3′,4′,5′‐ pentamethylferrocenyl moiety ( 10 ) was also prepared and metal complexes containing this ligand were found to undergo iron‐centered oxidations at lower potentials than analogous complexes supported by 2 (0.30–0.36 V vs. 0.56–0.62 V, respectively). Redox switching experiments using [Ru( 10 )Cl₂(?CH‐o‐O‐iPrC₆H₄)] revealed that greater than 94 % of the initial catalytic activity was restored after an oxidation–reduction cycle.     

Lewis Acid Mediated Vinyl‐Transfer Reaction of Alkynes to N‐Alkylimines by Using the N‐Alkyl Residue as a Sacrificial Hydrogen Donor

A variety of N‐alkyl‐α,α‐dichloroaldimines were vinylated by terminal acetylenes in the presence of Lewis acids such as In(OTf)₃ or BF₃ ? OEt₂ and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as an additive. The reaction proceeds at ambient temperature and leads to geometrically pure allylic β,β‐dichloroamines. This approach is complementary to previously reported transition‐metal‐catalyzed vinyl‐transfer methods, which are not applicable to aliphatic imines and are restricted to imines that contain an electron‐withdrawing nitrogen substituent. In the present approach, terminal alkynes were used as a source of the vinyl residue, and the N‐alkyl moiety of the imine acts as a sacrificial hydrogen donor. The additional advantage of this methodology is the fact that no external toxic or hazardous reducing agents or molecular hydrogen has to be used. This new methodology nicely combines a C(sp²)? C(sp) bond formation, hydride transfer, and an unusual cleavage of an unactivated C? N bond, thereby giving rise to functionalized primary allylic amines. A detailed experimental study supported by DFT calculations of the mechanism has been done.     

Photoswitchable Hydrogel Surface Topographies by Polymerisation‐Induced Diffusion

Herein, we describe the preparation of patterned photoresponsive hydrogels by using a facile method. This polymer‐network hydrogel coating consists of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAM), cross‐linking agent tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), and a new photochromic spiropyran monoacrylate. In a pre‐study, a linear NIPAAM copolymer (without TPGDA) that contained the spiropyran dye was synthesised, which showed relatively fast photoswitching behaviour. Subsequently, the photopolymerisation of a similar monomer mixture that included TPGDA afforded freestanding hydrogel polymer networks. The light‐induced isomerisation of protonated merocyanine into neutral spiropyran under slightly acidic conditions resulted in macroscopic changes in the hydrophilicity of the entire polymer film, that is, shrinkage of the hydrogel. The degree of shrinkage could be controlled by changing the chemical composition of the acrylate mixture. After these pre‐studies, a hydrogel film with spatially modulated cross‐link density was fabricated through polymerisation‐induced diffusion, by using a patterned photomask. The resulting smooth patterned hydrogel coating swelled in slightly acidic media and the swelling was higher in the regions with lower cross‐linking densities, thus yielding a corrugated surface. Upon exposure to visible light, the surface topography flattened again, thus showing that a hydrogel coating could be created, the topography of which could be controlled by light irradiation.     

7,7,8,8‐Tetraaryl‐o‐quinodimethane Stabilized by Dibenzo Annulation: A Helical π‐Electron System That Exhibits Electrochromic and Unique Chiroptical Properties

When two benzene rings are fused to a tetraaryl‐o‐quinodimethane skeleton, sterically hindered helical molecules 1 acquire a high thermodynamic stability. Because the tetraarylbutadiene subunit contains electron‐donating alkoxy groups, 1 undergo reversible two‐electron oxidation to 2 ²⁺, which can be isolated as deeply colored stable salts. Intramolecular transfer of the point chirality (e.g., sec‐butyl) on the aryl groups to helicity induces a diastereomeric preference in dications 2 b ²⁺ and 2 c ²⁺, which represents an efficient method for enhancing circular‐dichroism signals. Thus, those redox pairs can serve as new electrochiroptical response systems. X‐ray analysis of dication 2 ²⁺ revealed π–π stacking interaction of the diarylmethylium moieties, which is also present in solution. The stacking geometry is the key contributor to the chirosolvatochromic response.     

表面接枝含氟苯乙烯共聚物的聚酯薄膜制备与表征

利用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(SI-ATRP)在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜表面接枝苯乙烯和4-氟苯乙烯的共聚物.研究不同反应时间和不同配比下接枝共聚物对聚酯薄膜表面组成、结构和性能的影响.通过傅利叶变换红外光谱仪(ATR/FTIR),X-射线光电子能谱仪(XPS),凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接枝改性前后PET薄膜的表面组成,结构和形貌进行分析;利用接触角测试和表面能计算对比研究接枝改性前后PET薄膜的表面性能.结果表明反应时间和单体百分含量对接枝百分率及接触角有一定的影响,随着反应时间的增长,聚酯薄膜表面接枝百分率增大,接触角增加,表面自由能下降.     

悬浮聚合制备大尺寸梭形聚苯乙烯粒子新方法及机理研究

利用氢氧化钾对苯乙烯-马来酸酐交替共聚物(SMA)进行水解,所得中等皂化程度的SMA水解产物(SMAA)在水溶液中具有刚性棒状直链构型;将此特殊结构的大分子作为分散剂用于苯乙烯悬浮聚合,通过控制搅拌速度和油水比,可得到梭形聚苯乙烯粒子;在优化条件下,粒子平均长度6.8 mm,宽度1.4 mm,厚度0.5 mm,长径比约5.0.其可能的机理为,中等皂化程度的刚棒直链型SMAA在聚合物"软粒子"表面能形成难以"回复"的有效保护层,使由剪切形成的变形聚合物"软粒子"在聚合过程中能保持形状和尺寸的稳定,从而得到梭形聚合物粒子.     

三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯-苯乙烯沉淀聚合高产率制备高交联单分散聚合物微球

以三羟甲基丙烷三丙烯酸酯(TMPTA)-苯乙烯(St)为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为自由基引发剂,通过在乙醇中的沉淀聚合可制得高交联单分散P(TMPTA-St)聚合物微球.对单体转化率,微球以及可溶性低聚物的产率进行了测试.结果表明,使用10 wt%至60 wt%的交联剂TMPTA进行聚合可获得单分散微球,产率在50%左右.增加TMPTA用量可提高微球产率和单体转化率.增加引发剂AIBN用量对提高微球产率也有促进作用,但同时可溶性低聚物产率也增加.向乙醇中加入水作为反应介质结合适当增加AIBN用量可使单体转化率达到98%,微球产率高于90%.对实验结果进行了解释,对聚合机理进行了讨论.     

含芳酰胺结构的新型甲壳型液晶高分子PMPACS的聚合反应动力学研究

采用称量法和GPC,研究了以二甲基乙酰胺为溶剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,自由基溶液聚合制备含芳酰胺结构的新型甲壳型液晶高分子聚[乙烯基对苯二甲酸二(4-甲氧基苯胺)](PMPACS)的聚合反应动力学.研究发现,(1)MPACS的聚合反应在60℃时主要为双基偶合终止,所以反应后期聚合物分子量明显增大,分子量分布变窄;(2)该反应的聚合反应速率方程为Rp=kp[M][I]1/2,表观活化能Eα=44 kJ/mol,在60℃时的聚合反应常数kp=1.04 L·mol-1·h-1;(3)相同聚合条件下,单体的转化率和数均分子量随单体初始浓度[M]0的增加而增大,当引发剂浓度[I]0增加时,聚合物的分子量随之降低,分子量分布增大;(4)该研究虽采用普通自由基聚合,所得聚合物的分子量分布却较窄,仅为1.1～1.4.     

采用反应挤出三次加料法合成苯乙烯/异戊二烯/苯乙烯

以同向啮合双螺杆挤出机为反应器,采用苯乙烯和异戊二烯为聚合单体,以正丁基锂为引发剂,采用三次加料法合成苯乙烯/异戊二烯/苯乙烯(SIS)三嵌段热塑性弹性体.氢核磁共振(1H NMR)谱分析结果表明,共聚物中聚异戊二烯嵌段以1,4-结构为主.采用四氧化锇催化双氧水氧化降解聚合物分子链,利用凝胶渗透色谱对氧化降解后的聚苯乙烯碎片进行分析,证明共聚物分子为(聚苯乙烯-聚异戊二烯-聚苯乙烯)(PS-PI-PS)三嵌段结构.动态力学分析(DMA)及透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析结果表明,SIS具有两相分离结构.拉伸试验结果表明,共聚物拉伸强度与苯乙烯含量有关.