最小平方距离法和隐式线性函数关系的参数估计

本文再次指出:最小平方距离法(LSD),也可叫最小模方法,是从解决多维空间n个点的超平面拟合问题而提取的;通过对p个随机变量的n组观测值,此方法是探求它们之间是否存在隐式线形函数关系的好方法;使用此法,可以得出隐式线形函数关系较好的参数估计。     

An application of the dust grain charging model to determination of secondary electron spectra

Dust grains – objects of different shapes with a size distribution from micro to nanometers – are generally considered as a part of many space as well as laboratory plasmas. Among various dust charging processes, electron-induced secondary emission plays an important role in plasmas containing a noteworthy portion of high-energy electrons. Since a part of secondary electrons has not the energy high enough to overcome the surface potential barrier, the resulting grain charge is determined not only by the secondary emission yield (related to the grain material and size) but also by the secondary electron spectrum. We have developed a model of secondary electron emission from small dust grains. In the present contribution, we discuss the profile of a secondary emission yield that can be received from the model and the measured equilibrium grain charge, both as functions of an incident electron beam energy. A comparison of these quantities leads to an estimation of secondary electron spectra. We have found that: (1) the energy spectrum of secondary electrons does not change with the energy of primary electrons and (2) the energy spectrum depends on the target material being harder for gold and silver than for glass grains.     

Development of neutron detectors and neutron radiography at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre

Design and development of neutron detectors and R&D work in neutron radiography (NR) for non-destructive evaluation are important parts of the neutron beam and allied research programme of Solid State Physics Division (SSPD) of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The detectors fabricated in the division not only meet the in-house requirement of neutron spectrometers but also the need of other divisions in BARC, Department of Atomic Energy units and some universities and research institutes in India and abroad for a variety of applications. The NR facility set up by SSPD at Apsara reactor has been used for a variety of applications in nuclear, aerospace, defense and metallurgical industries. The work done in the development of neutron detectors and neutron radiography is reported in this article.      

Leaching of zinc and germanium from zinc oxide dust in sulfuric acid-ozone media

A new process of leaching zinc oxide dust by ozone oxidation in a sulfuric acid system was studied. The main factors affecting the leaching rate, such as ozone time, leaching temperature, initial acidity, leaching time, and liquid/solid mass ratio, were comprehensively investigated. The results show that leaching efficiency depends on all the above factors. The optimum conditions for leaching Zn and Ge from zinc oxide dust are as follows: ozone time 10 min, leaching temperature 90 ℃, initial acidity 160 g/L, leaching time 60 min, and liquid/solid mass ratio 7:1. Under the optimum conditions, the leaching rates of Zn and Ge are 95.79% and 93.65%, respectively. The leaching rates of zinc and germanium in the ozone leaching are 4.05% and 10.49% higher than those of the atmospheric leaching, respectively. Therefore, it is determined that ozone in solution plays a key role in rapidly oxidizing sulfide and releasing encapsulated germanium. Sulfuric acid-ozone media can efficiently extract Zn and Ge from zinc oxide dust.     

Preparation and characterization of polypropylene/waste tyre dust blends with addition of DCP and HVA-2 (PP/WTDP-HVA2)

Preparation of polypropylene (PP)/waste tyre dust (WTD) blends with addition of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and N,N′-m-phenylenebismaleimide (HVA-2) (PP/WTD_P-HVA2) was described. The blends were characterized based on their tensile properties, swelling resistance and morphology, as well as thermal properties. The results reveal that the presence of both chemicals in PP/WTD_P-HVA2 blends brought about noticeable improvements in tensile properties, swelling resistance and interfacial adhesion. The thermal stability was also improved, indicating existence of some chemical interaction between WTD and the PP matrix in the presence of both DCP and HVA-2 during processing. The results imply that both chemicals had great influences on WTD destabilization, leading to the enlargement and intensification of the copolymer formation and, hence, improved the interfacial adhesion between WTD and the PP matrix. A competing reaction mechanism that may contribute to the property enhancement of PP/WTD_P-HVA2 blends was proposed.     

Expanding the number of phthalates monitored in house dust

Phthalates have been used as plasticisers for several decades in various industry and consumer products. A method was developed for the determination of 13 not commonly monitored phthalates in household dust. The method was based on solvent extraction using sonication, sample clean-up by solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis using isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS). The method was applied to the analysis of dust samples collected using two vacuum sampling techniques from 38 urban Canadian homes: a sample of fresh or ‘active’ dust (FD) collected by technicians and a composite sample taken from the household vacuum cleaner (HD). Spearman rank correlations between HD and FD samples were significant for six phthalates with median concentrations above their method detection limits (MDLs), suggesting that the HD samples provide comparable results with FD samples. Seven phthalates were detected and quantified in a Canada-wide set of 126 household dust samples, among which six phthalates were detected at frequencies higher than 87%, with median (range) concentrations of 1.9 (<0.42–240) (μg/g) for diisohexyl phthalate (DIHxP), 3.8 (<0.16–260) (μg/g) for di-n-heptyl phthalate (DHepP), 6.6 (<1.1–1170) (μg/g) for diisooctyl phthalate (DIOP), 1.1 (<0.12–390) (μg/g) for di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), 6.3 (<0.16–430) (μg/g) for dinonyl phthalate (DNP), and 1.8 (<0.18–850) (μg/g) for di-n-decyl phthalate (DDP). High detection frequencies and widely scattered concentration levels of these phthalates in this preliminary set of 126 samples suggested a high variability in potential exposure to phthalates in Canadian homes. NIST SRM 2585 (organic contaminants in house dust) was also analysed; eight phthalates were detected, with concentrations ranging from 6.0 μg/g for DOP to 79 μg/g for DIHxP. The results from SRM 2585 may contribute to the certification of phthalate concentration values in this SRM.     

有尘环境多组分气体成分检测系统的设计

通过LabV IEW软件设计一个基于TDLAS谐波检测含尘气体浓度的虚拟系统,模拟测量在常温常压并含有已知粉尘颗粒的环境中SO_2、NO_2和NO 3种气体的浓度,且使气体成分测量的结果不受粉尘因素的干扰。设计中使用2 516.2,2 911.66,3 752.44 cm~(-1)的3种中红外激光分别对SO_2、NO_2和NO气体进行检测,根据锁相放大原理设计虚拟多通道锁相放大器分析检测到的二次谐波信号,根据谐波信号对各气体的浓度进行定标测量,最后进行数据校正来排除粉尘颗粒的干扰,使气体的定标测量得到一个稳定的结果。     

煤粉起动速度与粒径及湿度的关系

在煤码头和车站的煤堆积场上,煤粉的扬起是污染环境的主要原因之一.作者根据力学的基本原理,考虑颗粒和液滴重力、煤粉颗粒尺寸和湿度的影响,利用煤粉颗粒起动时的力平衡条件,推导出在风的作用下,具有一定湿度的煤粉颗粒开始扬起的起动风速的理论表达式.最后.根据煤粉起动速度与煤粉颗粒粒径及湿度的关系,将理论公式和风洞实验结果进行了比较,理论和实验结果符合得相当好.     

The relation of the threshold velocity of coal dust to its size and humidity

On the ground of wharf and a station where coal is piled up,the sources polluting theatmosphere are mainly the raised coal dust.According to the principle of mechanics,withthe consideration of the gravities of coal dust particles and liquid droplets,coal dust size andhumidity,under the condition of force balance when the coal dust was raised,the authorsobtained a theoretical formula for the threshold velocity of coal dust with humidity.Finally,the theoretical values from the formula gave a good agreement with the experimental datafrom some wind tunnels.     

发光玻璃在X射线实时成像系统中的应用

 介绍了以铽(Tb)激活的高密度发光玻璃和光导纤维发光玻璃的特性。它应用在X 射线实时成像系统中,可大大改善空间分辨能力。用它做的转换屏比一般晶粒状荧光物质做的厚得多,特别适合用于高能X射线实时成像系统。