蛋白质组学在人乳蛋白质研究中的应用

人乳是新生儿最理想的天然食物，蛋白质是人乳中最主要的营养成分之一。随着蛋白质组学技术的发展，利用蛋白质组学的方法研究人乳蛋白质也取得了一些研究成果。本文综述了近年来蛋白质组学技术在人乳蛋白质研究中的应用，分别从人乳蛋白质的组成研究、动态变化、人乳与其他来源乳汁的蛋白质差异比较、人乳磷酸化蛋白和糖基化蛋白研究、人乳内源肽的研究及人乳蛋白与疾病等几个方面进行了阐述。蛋白质组学技术使人乳蛋白质的研究进入了微量营养研究的时代，人乳蛋白质组学的研究成果将为母婴健康提供更好的保障。     

Protein posttranslational modifications: the chemistry of proteome diversifications

The diversity of distinct covalent forms of proteins (the proteome) greatly exceeds the number of proteins predicted by DNA coding capacities owing to directed posttranslational modifications. Enzymes dedicated to such protein modifications include 500 human protein kinases, 150 protein phosphatases, and 500 proteases. The major types of protein covalent modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, methylation, and ubiquitylation, can be classified according to the type of amino acid side chain modified, the category of the modifying enzyme, and the extent of reversibility. Chemical events such as protein splicing, green fluorescent protein maturation, and proteasome autoactivations also represent posttranslational modifications. An understanding of the scope and pattern of the many posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells provides insight into the function and dynamics of proteome compositions.     

蛋白质组学和代谢组学在微生物代谢工程中的应用

构建微生物细胞工厂是化学品、生物能源以及药物分子可持续生产的可行性策略。然而，微生物的代谢复杂、调控严谨，制约着目标产物高效合成。蛋白质组学和代谢组学可以从系统生物学角度分析酶和代谢物组分，从而理解复杂的生物系统，为微生物代谢工程改造提供重要线索。该文介绍了蛋白质组学和代谢组学在微生物代谢工程中的应用，包括基因组尺度代谢模型构建、菌株生物合成优化、指导菌株耐受性改造、限速步骤预测、植物次级代谢途径挖掘，从而为微生物合成天然产物提供新的基因或途径。在此基础上，该文还展望了生物大数据未来的发展方向。     

Review of recent UV–Vis and infrared spectroscopy researches on wine detection and discrimination

Wine has become a commodity of significant commercial value, and the demand for high quality wine by consumers has been increasing. Suitable analytical techniques are needed for its quality control. Ultraviolet, Visible, Near-infrared and infrared spectroscopy is by far one of the most important techniques for determining the wine quality, including its components and characterization. This review will overview the available most recent applications of spectroscopic techniques in the past decade for wine quality prediction and discrimination both quantitatively and qualitatively. The fundamental principles of these techniques will be introduced briefly, and some innovative setups/instrumentations will also be illustrated. At last the limitations and prospects of spectroscopic techniques for wine industry will be discussed.     

Combination of FASP and fully automated 2D‐LC‐MS/MS allows in‐depth proteomic characterization of mouse zymogen granules

Zymogen granule (ZG) constituents play important roles in pancreatic injury and disease. In previous studies, proteomic analyses with rat zymogen granules were separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis or one‐dimensional SDS–PAGE, followed by in‐gel tryptic digestion. In order to overcome the disadvantage of in‐gel digestion and to carry out further in‐depth proteomic analysis of the zymogen granules, in this study, by combining a filter‐aided sample preparation method and fully automated 2D‐LC‐MS/MS technique, 800 ZG proteins were identified with at least two unique peptides for each protein, 75% of which have not been previously reported. The identified proteins revealed broad diversity in protein identity and function. This is the largest dataset of ZG proteome, and also the first dataset of the mouse ZG proteome, which may help elucidate on the molecular architecture of ZGs and their functions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Closed paths of light trapped in a closed Fermat curve

Geometric constructions have previously been shown that can be interpreted as rays of light trapped either in polygons or in conics, by successive reflections. The same question, trapping light in closed Fermat curves, is addressed here. Numerical methods are used to study the behaviour of the reflection points of a triangle when the degree of the curve varies, including a generalization to non integer powers.     

Towards predicting the solubility of CO2 and N2 in different polymers using a quasi-SMILES based QSPR approach

The solubility of gases in various polymers plays an important role for the design of new polymeric materials. Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models were designed to predict the solubility of gases such as CO₂ and N₂ in polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) at different temperatures and pressures by using quasi-SMILES codes. The dataset of 315 systems was split randomly into training, calibration and validation sets; random split 1 led to 214 training (r² = 0.870 and RMSE = 0.019), 51 calibration (r² = 0.858 and RMSE = 0.020) and 50 validation (r² = 0.869 and RMSE = 0.017) sets. The suggested approach based on the quasi-SMILES, which are analogues of the traditional SMILES gives reasonable good predictions for solubility of CO₂ and N₂ in different polymers. The described methodology is universal for situations where the aim is to predict the response of an eclectic system upon a variety of physicochemical and/or biochemical conditions.     

13C NMR quantification of mono and diacylglycerols obtained through the solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed esterification of saturated fatty acids

In the present investigation, we studied the enzymatic synthesis of monoacylglycerols (MAG) and diacylglycerols (DAG) via the esterification of saturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic and an industrial residue containing 87% palmitic acid) and glycerol in a solvent‐free system. Three immobilized lipases (Lipozyme RM IM, Lipozyme TL IM and Novozym 435) and different reaction conditions were evaluated. Under the optimal reaction conditions, esterifications catalyzed by Lipozyme RM IM resulted in a mixture of MAG and DAG at high conversion rates for all of the substrates. In addition, except for the reaction of industrial residue at atmospheric pressure, all of these products met the World Health Organization and European Union directives for acylglycerol mixtures for use in food applications. The products were quantified by ¹³C NMR, with the aid of an external reference signal which was generated from a sealed coaxial tube filled with acetonitrile‐d3. After calibrating the area of this signal using the classical external reference method, the same coaxial tube was used repeatedly to quantify the reaction products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cyclic sample pooling using two‐dimensional liquid chromatography system enhances coverage in shotgun proteomics

We report a cyclic sample pooling technique devised in two‐dimensional liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS) shotgun proteomics that renders deeper proteome coverage; we combined low pH reversed‐phase (RP) LC in trifluoroacetic acid in the first dimension, followed by cyclic sample pooling of the eluate and low‐pH RP‐LC in formic acid in the second dimension. The new protocol has a significantly higher resolving power suitable for LC‐ESI‐MS/MS shotgun proteomics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.