Two-dimensional equations for thin-films of ionic conductors

A theoretical model is developed for predicting both conduction and diffusion in thin-film ionic conductors or cables. With the linearized Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) theory, the two-dimensional (2D) equations for thin ionic conductor films are obtained from the three-dimensional (3D) equations by power series expansions in the film thickness coordinate, retaining the lower-order equations. The thin-film equations for ionic conductors are combined with similar equations for one thin dielectric film to derive the 2D equations of thin sandwich films composed of a dielectric layer and two ionic conductor layers. A sandwich film in the literature, as an ionic cable, is analyzed as an example of the equations obtained in this paper. The numerical results show the effect of diffusion in addition to the conduction treated in the literature. The obtained theoretical model including both conduction and diffusion phenomena can be used to investigate the performance of ionic-conductor devices with any frequency.     

等离子环境中带电体能量的Collin变分

基于系统性电磁兼容的考虑,对等离子环境中在轨航天器导体充放电现象中的能量特征进行了变分研究.通过电磁Collin原理,对等离子环境中导体系统几何尺度与所带电能的变分联系进行了理论分析.在此基础上,推广了更具一般性的数值估值分析方法,并对复杂导体系统电磁参数、等离子环境特征与系统能量间的关系进行了实例分析.研究结果对于等离子环境中复杂带电体的能量控制及相关的电磁环境效应与防护等研究具有积极意义.     

地铁钢铝复合式第三轨/受电靴载流摩擦磨损特性研究

通过对销-盘摩擦磨损试验机的夹具和控制部分进行改进,研制出载流摩擦磨损试验装置,并采用该装置研究了地铁钢铝复合式第三轨与受电靴摩擦副之间的载流摩擦磨损特性,采用激光三维共焦扫描显微镜和电子能谱仪等微观手段,结合电接触理论分析了摩擦副的载流摩擦磨损机制.结果表明:存在1个法向压应力阈值,当试验的法向压应力大于此阈值时,摩擦系数随着电流的增加而增大,此时电流增加了机械磨损;而当法向压应力小于此阈值时,摩擦系数随着电流的增加而减小,此时电弧烧蚀材料损失量较机械磨损大;钢铝复合式第三轨的主要磨损机制为粘着磨损和磨粒磨损;钢铝复合式第三轨授流时,在一定的列车运行速度下法向压应力阈值是最佳的工作压应力,既能保证顺利授流,又使得摩擦副材料的磨损量较小,确保行车安全,降低维护频率,节约地铁运行成本.     

Protonic Conductivity and Photoconductivity Studies on H3PW12O40x21H2O Single Crystals

Protonic conductivity measurements are reported for H₃PW₁₂O₄₀x21H₂O single crystals in the temperature range 77 to 303 K. At room temperature, the conductivity is 0.18 Sm^‐1 and falls to a minimum of 0.26×10^‐3 Sm^‐1 at 188 K. An anomalous behavior in conductivity observed in the temperature range 263 to 283 K is reported and it is essentially due to the disordered structure of water molecules. The activation energy determined from the least squares analysis in the temperature range 278 to 303 K and 188 to 273 K are 0.38 and 0.15 eV respectively. The observed conductivity parameter results support the vehicle mechanism as the proton conduction mechanism in this single crystal. Using the Nernst‐Einstein relation, the proton diffusion coefficient is calculated and found to be 1.29×10^‐11 m²s^‐1 at room temperature. Steady state photoconductivity is measured at room temperature for various intensities and the material is found to be photosensitive. The variation of photocurrent with different illumination levels is found to be linear in these single crystals. The transient photoconductivity measurement shows that the photo‐induced responses are moderate in the beginning and slow during decay process with respect to time.     

CRAFT TF导体弯绕成形力学仿真与试验

聚变堆主机关键系统综合研究设施(CRAFT)是为了探索与建设中国聚变工程试验堆(CFETR)关键技术和原型系统的大科学装置.环向场(Toroidal Field, TF)线圈是CRAFT系统的重要组成部分，旨在研制出用于CFETR环向场原型线圈.本文基于弹塑性力学理论，通过建立TF导体连续弯绕成形有限元分析模型，对TF导体弯曲成形过程进行力学仿真，获得了TF导体在成形过程中的应力、应变和成形力等力学参数，预测了TF线圈绕制过程导体截面变形、回弹、应力和应变情况，并采用TF导体开展了弯曲成形验证试验，为TF线圈的精密绕制和成形设备的工程设计提供了可靠的依据.     

New Synthetic Route for Reaching Higher Phase Stabilization in LAMOX-Based Electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

S-substituted La₂Mo₂O₉ were synthesized by a solid-state procedure employing ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄ as a sulfur source. The synthesized powders were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared, and Raman spectroscopies. The results divulged that the stabilization of the β-La₂Mo₂O₉ polymorph occurred in the interval of sulfur composition 0.1≤y≤0.6. This substitution generates a linear dwindling of the unit cell volume. The decomposition of all substituted samples started above 900 °C with a total weight loss linearly dependent on the sulfur content. Electrical studies confirmed that substituting S⁶⁺ for Mo⁶⁺ suppresses the phase transition of La₂Mo₂O₉ and stabilizes the cubic polymorph down to ambient temperature. It was also remarkable that this substitution caused a decrease in the conductivity, and unfortunately, none of the tested compositions allowed exceeding the conductivity of La₂Mo₂O₉. Infrared and Raman spectra confirmed the presence of the characteristic peaks of sulfates and molybdates groups.     

Bibliometric analysis and an overview of the application of the non-precious materials for pyrolysis reaction of plastic waste

Huge plastic consumption and depletion of fossil fuels are at the top of the world's environmental and energy challenges. The scientific community has tackled these issues through different approaches. Catalytic pyrolysis of plastic wastes to valuable products has been proved as a sustainable route which fits with the circular economy aspects. The design of catalytic materials is the central factor for performing the catalytic conversion of plastic wastes. This review aims to conduct a Bibliometric analysis of the pyrolysis of plastic wastes and non-precious-based catalysts by mapping research studies over the last fifty years. The analysis was developed via VOSviewer and RStudio tools. It showed the historical progress regarding plastic waste pyrolysis to produce valuable products and chemicals worldwide. The research shows that the top five countries with the highest citations and publications in this field were Spain, China, England, the USA and India. The Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis had the most comprehensive coverage of plastic waste. The relationship between the catalyst and the mechanism of plastic waste can influence the production yield and selectivity. The research gap and underrepresented research topics were identified, and previous research studies on developing non-precious-based catalysts that were most relevant to the current topic were reviewed and discussed. The challenges and perspectives on catalyst preparation and development for material complexity were critically discussed. Challenges of previous studies and directions for future research were provided. This report might guide the reader to take a general look at plastic waste valorization by pyrolysis and easily understand the main challenges.     

Re‐Investigation of the Structure of 7Bi2O3 · 2WO3 by Single‐Crystal X‐ray Diffraction

The structure of the oxygen‐deficient compound 7Bi₂O₃ · 2WO₃, a fluorite‐derivative phase considered a candidate for electronic applications because of its high ionic conductivity, is investigated by singlecrystal X‐Ray diffraction employing Ag‐Kα radiation (λ = 0.5608 Å) to minimize the effect of the absorption by the heavy metals. The space‐group type is I4₁, the acentric subgroup of I4₁/a that was previously suggested from powder‐diffraction data and precession‐camera photographs. Lattice parameters are a = 12.513(2), c = 11.231(4) (Z = 2.5). The sample is twinned by syngonic merohedry, class I, with volume ratio of the individuals 0.58/0.42. The ordering of W partly confirms previous models, with one W fully occupying one of the sites on special position. However, the remaining W goes in a site on general position, which shares with Bi, resulting thus more diluted in the structure. The oxygen vacancies are partly ordered in three of the ten anion sites.     

Indirect Raman identification of the proton insertion in the high‐temperature [Ba/Sr][Zr/Ti]O3‐modified perovskite protonic conductors

OH⁻ and H₃O⁺ species in hydrates and simple oxides are rather well characterised from their IR, Raman and inelastic neutron points of view. For the H⁺ (H₂O) species in solid state the variability is well established and assignment remains discussed. The question of the vibrational signature of isolated proton (e.g. the ionic proton, a proton sharing its interaction with more than two acceptors) and its dynamic nature (proton gas, polaron,…) is open. H⁺‐containing modified perovskites A(Ba,Sr,…) B(Zr,Ce,Ti,…) O₃ are potential ceramic membranes for fuel cell and medium temperature water electrolysis (300–800 °C). Comparison studies of the protonated and non‐protonated lanthanide/rare earth‐modified perovskites of type Ba(Sr)Zr(Ti)O₃ as well as Al‐modified BaTiO₃ show that a broad component centred at 2500 cm⁻¹ is observed after ‘proton insertion’. Its intensity is correlated to the protonic species content as well as to the conductivity of the materials. The mixed nature of this feature is discussed: fluorescence related to the dangling bonds, A, B, C bands or new phenomena related to the ionic protons and associated electronic defect. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.