作为宇宙信使的X射线

60年前,里卡多·贾科尼团队用探空火箭首次探测到了来自太阳系以外的X射线辐射,从此打开了人类探索宇宙的一个全新的窗口。与我们所熟悉的可见光天空不同,在“看不见”的X射线宇宙,明亮的发光天体涵盖了黑洞、中子星、白矮星等致密天体,星系团和星系中弥漫的大量不可见的高温气体,以及各种剧烈的灾变事件。它们代表着宇宙中最为奇特的天体和极端的物理条件,如极强引力场、极强磁场和极高温。文章重点介绍最有代表性的X射线源,包括中子星和黑洞X射线双星、超大质量黑洞和活动星系核、星系团,以及伽马暴、超新星和潮汐瓦解恒星事件等爆发天体。     

坚硬顶板爆破切顶在沿空留巷中的应用研究

当煤层上方为坚硬顶板时,在工作面回采期间容易出现大面积悬顶,导致巷旁充填体出现大变形破坏,极大威胁采煤安全.为解决这一问题,以某矿1205工作面沿空留巷为工程背景,分析了爆炸围岩裂隙范围和坚硬顶板破断特征,建立了切顶卸压围岩结构力学模型,研究表明,相邻炮孔爆炸后,炮孔间裂隙互相贯穿,降低了顶板强度,同时当切顶角为15°...     

压力膨化处理对正极性聚丙烯蜂窝膜的驻极体性质的影响

压力膨化处理工艺能够显著改善聚丙烯蜂窝薄膜（cellular polypropylene） 驻极体的压 电活性.通过热脉冲技术、表面电位衰减测量及TSD 电流谱分析等研究了经恒压正电晕充电 的聚丙烯蜂窝膜的陷阱能级分布特征，讨论了压力膨化处理工艺对这类蜂窝膜驻极体电荷稳 定性及电荷输运特性的影响.结果说明，PP 蜂窝膜内存在着位于中能级区的能值各异的三种 分立陷阱，深能值陷阱和浅能值陷阱的大多数位于孔洞膜近表面的体层或体内，而中等能值 陷阱则主要位于自由面附近.压力膨化处理改变了PP 蜂窝膜的能阱状态并在一定程度上降低 了这类孔洞膜驻极体的电荷储存稳定性，但没有明显影响其由慢再俘获效应占主导地位的脱 阱电荷输运特性. 关键词： 压力膨化处理 聚丙烯蜂窝膜 驻极体 电荷储存与陷阱分布 电荷输运     

Molecular dynamics of MgSiO3 perovskite melting

The melting curve of MgSiO分子动力学 MgSiO3钙钛矿 熔化温度 高压melting temperature, molecular dynamics, high pressureProject supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 10274055 and 10376021),the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China (Grant No 3ZS051-A25-027) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Gansu Province, China (Grant No 0410-01).2005-01-125/8/2005 12:00:00 AMThe melting curve of MgSiO3 perovskite is simulated using molecular dynamics simulations method at high pressure. It is shown that the simulated equation of state of MgSiO3 perovskite is very successful in reproducing accurately the experimental data. The pressure dependence of the simulated melting temperature of MgSiO3 perovskite reproduces the stability of the orthorhombic perovskite phase up to high pressure of 130GPa at ambient temperature, consistent with the theoretical data of the other calculations. It is shown that its transformation to the cubic phase and melting at high pressure and high temperature are in agreement with recent experiments.     

压力淬火过程中锗的相结构研究

 应用高压原位差热方法，直接测量了压力下锗的固化参数─—固化温度与过冷度。高压差热信号表明，当压力大于3 GPa时，锗在凝固过程中可能发生结构相变。X射线结构分析表明，在最终的样品中除GeⅠ相外，还形成GeⅢ相和GeⅣ相。     

Screening influence on the Stark effect of impurity states in strained wurtzite GaN/AlxGa1-xN heterojunctions under pressure

The screening effect of the random-phase-approximation on the states of shallow donor impurities in free strained wurtzite GaN/Al x Ga 1 x N heterojunctions under hydrostatic pressure and an external electric field is investigated by using a variational method and a simplified coherent potential approximation.The variations of Stark energy shift with electric field,impurity position,Al component and areal electron density are discussed.Our results show that the screening dramatically reduces both the blue and red shifts as well as the binding energies of impurity states.For a given impurity position,the change in binding energy is more sensitive to the increase in hydrostatic pressure in the presence of the screening effect than that in the absence of the screening effect.The weakening of the blue and red shifts,induced by the screening effect,strengthens gradually with the increase of electric field.Furthermore,the screening effect weakens the mixture crystal effect,thereby influencing the Stark effect.The screening effect strengthens the influence of energy band bending on binding energy due to the areal electron density.     

A System for Determination of Precise Isotopic Vapor Pressure Differences from —20 to 110 °C,including Temperature Control to 0·001 over that Range)

An experimental system for the precise measurement of small vapor pressure differences over the range —20 to 110°C is described.     

Die Herstellung von Aluminiumnitrid

Zur Erzeugung von Kohlenstoff-14 in Kernreaktoren nach der Gleichung N-14 (n, p) C-14 wird auf Grund vieler physikalischer Parameter, wie hohe Temperaturbeständigkeit, holier Stickstoffgehalt (bezogen auf die Masseeinheit) und geringerer Einfangsquerschnitt für Neutronen der metallischen Komponente sowie relativ leichte Abtrennung des gebildeten Kohlenstoffs Aluminiumnitrid eingesetzt. Die Amvendung des Aluminiumnitrids fur die angeführte Kernreaktion erfordert den Einsatz von reinsten Materialien, besonders den Ausschluß von Kohlenstoff und dessen Verbindungen. Aus diesem Grunde ist es nicht möglich, das in der Technik angewandte Verfahren, die Herstellung aus Bauxit, anzuwenden.     

Impacts of air pressure on the evolution of nanosecond pulse discharge products

Based on the nonequilibrium plasma dynamics of air discharge, a dynamic model of zero-dimensional plasma is established by combining the component density equation, the Boltzmann equation, and the energy transfer equation. The evolution properties of nanosecond pulse discharge (NPD) plasma under different air pressures are calculated. The results show that the air pressure has significant impacts on the NPD products and the peak values of particle number density for particles such as O atoms, O3 molecules, N2(A3) molecules in excited states, and NO molecules. It increases at first and then decreases with the increase of air pressure. On the other hand, the peak values of particle number density for N2(B3) and N2(C3) molecules in excited states are only slightly affected by the air pressure.     

Ruby fluorescence pressure scale： Revisited

Effect of non-hydrostatic stress on X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) is studied. The pressure gradient in the sample chamber leads to the broadening of the diffraction peaks, which increase with the hkl index of the crystal. It is found that the difference between the determined d-spacing compressive ratio d/d0 and the real d-spacing compressive ratio dr/d0 is determined by the yield stress of the pressure transmitting media (if used) and the shear modulus of the sample. On the basis of the corrected experiment data of Mao et al. (MXB86), which was used to calibrate the most widely used ruby fluorescence scale, a new relationship of ruby fluorescence pressure scale is corrected, i.e., P = (1904/9.827)[(1+λ/λ0)9.827-1].