Surface arcing of insulators due to bentonite contamination

Impulse, alternating and direct voltage tests together with optical observations have been done under clean and polluted surface conditions with respect to bentonite, which is treated as a pollutant. The insulator materials tested were polymethyl methacrylate and polythene. Bentonite pollution may affect several surface flashover characteristics such as voltage at breakdown and 50% breakdown voltage under negative lightning impulse (1.2/50 μs) and the time to breakdown under wet condition for both negative and positive impulse voltage. There are four types of paths taken by the discharge channels, based on which the degree of degradation of the material surface may vary.     

微秒脉冲下极性效应对碳酸丙烯酯击穿场强的影响

通过对比碳酸丙烯酯在针板电极间距分别为0.5、1.0和2.0 mm下的击穿电压大小的实验,研究碳酸丙烯酯的极性效应.实验设备包含一个充电时间在5～20毫秒的电容储能型脉冲型脉冲功率源和一个内置针板电极的击穿试件. 每一组的击穿电压通过示波器显示记录. 三组不同间距下的击穿实验数据表明碳酸丙烯酯的正电极击穿场强高于负电极击穿场强,并且击穿场强随着电极间距的增大而增 大. 对碳酸丙烯酯针板电极的击穿进行了仿真模拟实验. 基于实验结果对碳酸丙烯酯的极性效应给出了相应的解释.     

Universal scaling for the dilemma strength in evolutionary games

Why would natural selection favor the prevalence of cooperation within the groups of selfish individuals? A fruitful framework to address this question is evolutionary game theory, the essence of which is captured in the so-called social dilemmas. Such dilemmas have sparked the development of a variety of mathematical approaches to assess the conditions under which cooperation evolves. Furthermore, borrowing from statistical physics and network science, the research of the evolutionary game dynamics has been enriched with phenomena such as pattern formation, equilibrium selection, and self-organization. Numerous advances in understanding the evolution of cooperative behavior over the last few decades have recently been distilled into five reciprocity mechanisms: direct reciprocity, indirect reciprocity, kin selection, group selection, and network reciprocity. However, when social viscosity is introduced into a population via any of the reciprocity mechanisms, the existing scaling parameters for the dilemma strength do not yield a unique answer as to how the evolutionary dynamics should unfold. Motivated by this problem, we review the developments that led to the present state of affairs, highlight the accompanying pitfalls, and propose new universal scaling parameters for the dilemma strength. We prove universality by showing that the conditions for an ESS and the expressions for the internal equilibriums in an infinite, well-mixed population subjected to any of the five reciprocity mechanisms depend only on the new scaling parameters. A similar result is shown to hold for the fixation probability of the different strategies in a finite, well-mixed population. Furthermore, by means of numerical simulations, the same scaling parameters are shown to be effective even if the evolution of cooperation is considered on the spatial networks (with the exception of highly heterogeneous setups). We close the discussion by suggesting promising directions for future research including (i) how to handle the dilemma strength in the context of co-evolution and (ii) where to seek opportunities for applying the game theoretical approach with meaningful impact.     

Bi_2O_3掺杂对Ag(Nb_(0.8)Ta_(0.2))O_3陶瓷结构和介电性能的影响(英文)

本文研究了Bi2O3掺杂对Ag(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3陶瓷的结构和介电性能的影响。X射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,Bi2O3的掺杂可以使陶瓷中Ag+被还原并析出,且银析出的量随Bi2O3掺杂量的增加而不断增加,这可能源自于Bi3+对Ag+的取代。在一定范围内增大Bi2O3掺杂量可提高Ag(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3陶瓷的室温介电常数,降低介电损耗,并使温度系数向负值方向移动。当Bi2O3的掺杂量约为3.5wt%时,样品具有较大的介电常数(ε=672)和较小的介电损耗(tanδ=7.3×10-4)。     

Glass fiber reinforced bismaleimide/epoxy BaTiO3 nano composites for high voltage applications

BaTiO₃/bismaleimide/epoxy/glass fiber reinforced composites were prepared using E-glass fiber (E-GF) and silane coated E-glass fiber (SC-EGF) separately as reinforcement. BaTiO₃ nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method. Results show that the addition of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles has significant effects on the mechanical and dielectric properties of the composite. Both E-GF and SC-EGF reinforced BaTiO₃/bismaleimide/epoxy composites with 2 wt percentages of BaTiO₃ nanoparticles showed improved tensile strength, flexural strength and dielectric constant and those with 3% showed high dielectric strength indicating this composition is more adaptable for high voltage insulating applications. Dielectric constants and dielectric loss of the fabricated nanocomposites have been obtained at higher frequencies (in GHz) by using Vector Network Analyser at room temperature and was found to be highest for the BMI-Epoxy nanocomposite with 1% weight nanofiller.     

含咪唑离子聚乙烯离聚体的合成与性能

利用双(β-二酮单亚胺)钛催化乙烯和5-碘甲基降冰片烯(IMNB)的配位共聚, 高效合成了高分子量、 窄分子量分布和组分可控的烯烃共聚物. 将该含有碘甲基侧基的共聚物与N-甲基咪唑进行亲核取代反应, 然后再与有机金属盐进行离子交换, 制备了一系列带有甲磺酸根(CH₃SO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-})、 三氟甲磺酸根(CF₃SO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-})或双(三氟甲磺酰)亚胺负离子(Tf₂N^-)的聚乙烯离聚体. 研究表明, 离子基团的引入会破坏聚合物的结晶, 熔融温度和结晶度均随着离子含量的增加而降低. 但离聚体的玻璃化转变温度却高于乙烯/IMNB共聚物, 表明离子基团之间的强相互作用抑制了链段运动.与共聚物前体相比, 聚乙烯离聚体表现出更高的热稳定性、 更好的亲水性和更高的抗拉强度. 当离子含量相同时, 聚乙烯离聚体的抗拉强度顺序为: CH₃SO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}>CF₃SO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}>Tf₂N^-, 而断裂伸长率呈现相反的趋势.     

Sample Preparation Methods for Lipidomics Approaches Used in Studies of Obesity

Obesity is associated with alterations in the composition and amounts of lipids. Lipids have over 1.7 million representatives. Most lipid groups differ in composition, properties and chemical structure. These small molecules control various metabolic pathways, determine the metabolism of other compounds and are substrates for the syntheses of different derivatives. Recently, lipidomics has become an important branch of medical/clinical sciences similar to proteomics and genomics. Due to the much higher lipid accumulation in obese patients and many alterations in the compositions of various groups of lipids, the methods used for sample preparations for lipidomic studies of samples from obese subjects sometimes have to be modified. Appropriate sample preparation methods allow for the identification of a wide range of analytes by advanced analytical methods, including mass spectrometry. This is especially the case in studies with obese subjects, as the amounts of some lipids are much higher, others are present in trace amounts, and obese subjects have some specific alterations of the lipid profile. As a result, it is best to use a method previously tested on samples from obese subjects. However, most of these methods can be also used in healthy, nonobese subjects or patients with other dyslipidemias. This review is an overview of sample preparation methods for analysis as one of the major critical steps in the overall analytical procedure.     

[100]LiF单晶在60 GPa以内冲击加载下的高压屈服强度特性

获取光学窗口自身的高压强度特性是开展材料高压高应变率冲击响应行为精密测量和数据反演的重要基础。利用平板撞击和双屈服面法,通过冲击-卸载、冲击-再加载原位粒子速度剖面精细测量和数据反演,获得了约60 GPa范围内[100]LiF屈服强度特性随冲击压力的变化规律。结果表明:在实验压力范围内,[100]LiF的屈服强度随加载压力的提高而显著提高,压力硬化效应显著;同时,LiF在冲击加载下的屈服强度高于磁驱准等熵加载结果,应变率硬化效应强于热软化效应。采用Huang-Asay模型确定了可描述冲击加载[100]LiF强度特性的本构模型参数,为LiF在强度、相变、层断裂等加窗测量实验中的深入应用和数据准确解读提供了重要支撑。     

常温直接沉淀法制备ZnO纳米棒

在常温下, 以PEG-400(聚乙二醇400)为表面活性剂, 采用直接沉淀法合成了ZnO纳米棒. 产物用XRD, TEM, SAED和 HRTEM等进行了表征. 结果表明, 所得ZnO为一维的纳米棒, 属于六方纤维矿的单晶结构. ZnO纳米棒的直径在20~40 nm之间, 长度在300~800 nm范围. (0001)面为ZnO纳米棒的生长方向. 讨论了ZnO相的生成和ZnO纳米棒的形成机理以及PEG-400在其形成过程中的作用.     

Self-Compacting Alkali-Activated Materials: Progress and Perspectives

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are considered to be alternative cementitious materials for civil infrastructures. Nowadays, efforts have been made in developing AAMs with self-compacting ability. The obtained self-compacting AAMs (SCAAMs) accomplish superior passing and filling properties as well as excellent mechanical and environmental advantages. This work critically revisits recent progresses in SCAAMs including mixture proportions, fresh properties, mechanical strength, microstructure, acid and sulfate resistance, high temperature behaviors, impact resistance and interface shear strength. To facilitate direct comparison and interpretation of data from different publications, mixture proportions were normalized in terms of the content of key reactive components from precursors and activators, and correlation with mechanical behaviors was made. Moreover, special attention was paid to current research challenges and perspectives to promote further investigation and field application of SCAAMs as advanced construction material.