植物还原法制备负载型金纳米催化剂催化乙醇选择氧化反应

采用侧柏叶提取液还原氯金酸制备负载型金纳米催化剂,通过乙醇选择氧化反应,筛选出催化性能较好的TiO2载体。以TiO2载体为载体,考察了Au负载量、焙烧温度、催化剂用量、碳酸氢钠添加量及催化剂反应条件(时间、温度、压力)等因素对乙醇选择氧化反应的影响。结果表明,1.5%Au/TiO2催化剂(Au负载量为1.5%,质量分率,下同)催化乙醇选择氧化反应性能最佳,产物为乙醛、乙酸乙酯和缩醛,0.5%碳酸氢钠添加剂可抑制缩醛的生成,并可显著提高乙醇转化率和乙酸乙酯选择性。通过优化催化反应条件(1.5%Au/TiO2催化剂焙烧温度为400℃、用量为0.4 g、反应温度为100℃、氧气压力为3 MPa、反应时间为3 h时),乙醇转化率为47.9%,乙酸乙酯选择性为89.1%。     

Atomic‐Level Alloying and De‐alloying in Doped Gold Nanoparticles

Atomically precise alloying and de‐alloying processes for the formation of Ag–Au and Cu–Au nanoparticles of 25‐metal‐atom composition (referred to as Ag_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ and Cu_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈, in which R=CH₂CH₂Ph) are reported. The identities of the particles were determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectroscopy (MALDI‐MS). Their structures were probed by fragmentation analysis in MALDI‐MS and comparison with the icosahedral structure of the homogold Au₂₅(SR)₁₈ nanoparticles (an icosahedral Au₁₃ core protected by a shell of Au₁₂(SR)₁₈). The Cu and Ag atoms were found to preferentially occupy the 13‐atom icosahedral sites, instead of the exterior shell. The number of Ag atoms in Ag_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ (x=0–8) was dependent on the molar ratio of Ag^I/Au^III precursors in the synthesis, whereas the number of Cu atoms in Cu_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ (x=0–4) was independent of the molar ratio of Cu^II/Au^III precursors applied. Interestingly, the Cu_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ nanoparticles show a spontaneous de‐alloying process over time, and the initially formed Cu_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ nanoparticles were converted to pure Au₂₅(SR)₁₈. This de‐alloying process was not observed in the case of alloyed Ag_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ nanoparticles. This contrast can be attributed to the stability difference between Cu_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ and Ag_xAu_25?x(SR)₁₈ nanoparticles. These alloyed nanoparticles are promising candidates for applications such as catalysis.     

Synthesis,characterization, and application of silver nanoparticle‐thiophenol nanocomposite film on the glassy carbon surface

In this study, 4‐thiophenol modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared by the reduction of 4‐diazothiophenol tetrafluoroborate salt. Silver nanoparticles were attached to the thiophenol modified surface to prepare a thiophenol‐silver nanoparticle composite film. 4‐Aminothiopenol molecules were deposited by self‐assembling technique to form multi‐layered nanofilms of TP/SNP/PhNH₂ on glassy carbon substrate. These surfaces were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflectance‐absorption infrared spectroscopy, and ellipsometry at each multilayer film growth process. Atomic force microscopic images of GC/TP/SNP/PhNH₂ surfaces were also acquired. The characterization methods show that the amine group containing surface permits the subsequent modification by a variety of coupling reactions for the immobilization of more complex systems. An application of the electrode modification for the determination of uric acid with a significantly lower detection limit is described. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnetic solid-phase extraction using Schiff base ligand supported on magnetic nanoparticles as sorbent combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the extraction of phenols from water samples

ABSTRACT

In this work, the magnetic sorbent was developed by covalent binding of a Schiff base ligand, N,N’-bis(3-salicyliden aminopropyl)amine (salpr), on the surface of silica coated magnetic nanoparticles (Salpr@SCMNPs). The core-shell nanoparticle was applied for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) of phenolic compounds from water samples prior to gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC?FID). Characterisation of the Salpr@SCMNPs was performed with different physicochemical methods such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Variables affecting the performance of both extraction steps such as pH of the water sample, the sorbent amount, the desorption conditions, the extraction time; and extraction solvent were studied. Under the optimised conditions, the analytical performances were determined with a linear range of 0.01–100 ng mL^?1 and a limit of detection at 0.003–0.02 ng mL^?1 for all of the analytes studied. The intra-day (n = 5) and inter-day (n = 3) relative standard deviations (RSD%) of three replicates were each demonstrated in the range of 6.9–8.9% and 7.3–10.1%, respectively. The proposed method was executed for the analysis of real water samples, whereby recoveries in the range of 92.9–99.0% and RSD% lower than 6.1% were attained.     

硼、氮共掺杂多孔碳的制备及其超电容性能

分别以含氮菲咯啉、四硼酸钾和醋酸锌为碳源、活化剂和模板,制备了B、N共掺杂多孔碳(BN-PC),并探究模板质量对BN-PC结构和储电性能的影响。当醋酸锌质量为5g时,所得BN-PC₅中B、N杂原子含量分别为 20.21%、18.29%。电化学测试结果表明,以6 mol·L^-1 KOH为电解液,BN-PC₅电极展现出高的比电容(在0.05 A·g^-1电流密度下为255 F·g^-1)、优异的倍率性能(在20A·g^-1电流密度下为188F·g^-1)和卓越的循环稳定性(在5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环10 000次比电容保持率为97%)。以3 mol·L^-1 ZnSO₄为电解液,在平均功率密度为56W·kg^-1时,BN-PC₅电容器的能量密度可达27Wh·kg^-1。     

基于聚硫堇/亚甲基蓝和纳米金放大的免疫传感器检测贝类毒素大田软海绵酸

采用聚硫堇(PTH)修饰电极为传感界面提供一个生物修饰功能基质膜,借助纳米金(GNPs)的导电性、生物相容性与高比表面积特性实现抗体的有效固定,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)为电子媒介加速电极表面电化学反应的电子传递,构建了一种高灵敏的非标记电化学免疫传感器,用于贝类毒素大田软海绵酸(OA)的检测。当分子结构中含有羧基和酚基的OA与其抗体特异性结合后,生成以阴离子形式存在的抗原-抗体复合物,阻碍了传感器表面电子的传递,导致峰电流下降。利用免疫反应前后峰电流的变化,可对OA进行特异性识别和准确定量。在优化实验条件下,OA浓度的对数在0.2~100 μg/L范围内与其峰电流的变化值(ΔI)呈线性相关,线性方程为ΔI=1.721 7+1.083 6lgρ,相关系数为0.992 0,检出限为0.1 μg/L。该免疫传感器重现性好、特异性强,用于实际贝类样品的测定,回收率为85.3%~112%。     

氟离子与磺化反应改性多壁纳米碳管催化剂的制备、表征及催化酯化反应合成油酸甲酯性能

通过高温浸渍法,对多壁纳米碳管进行了氟离子与浓硫酸磺化反应修饰改性处理,制备了一种新型Lewis酸型催化剂F^--SO₄^2-/MWCNTs,并通过透射电镜、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱、吡啶吸附红外光谱、X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射和NH₃程序升温脱附等表征手段对其的物理化学性能进行了表征分析,进而对多壁纳米碳管经F-与浓硫酸磺化反应修饰改性后所出现的结构与催化性能变化的内在影响规律进行了探索。以F^--SO₄^2-/MWCNTs为催化剂,以甲醇和油酸为原料,对其在应用于催化酯化反应合成油酸甲酯过程中的活性进行了研究。结果表明：当反应温度为65℃、醇油物质的量之比为12：1、催化剂质量占反应物总质量的0.9%、反应时间为6 h,油酸的转化率最高,达到了90%。高催化活性可归因于随着氟元素的加入,提高了SO₄^2-的插层作用效果,从而增加了酸性活性位的数量;此外,S=O键具有电子诱导效应,而F-有强负电性,两者之间发生强烈的相互作用后形成了F-S键,使S=O的吸电子效应大幅度增强,从而加剧了F^--SO₄^2-/MWCNTs催化剂的体系电荷不平衡趋势,导致催化剂中的正电荷过剩,使催化剂中的酸性活性位以Lewis酸为主,有效的避免了单纯磺化反应作用所生成的催化剂的酸性活性位以Brönsted酸型为主,而易在富含水的反应介质中发生水合作用而降低,甚至失去催化活性的现象发生。     

碳纤维表面原位SiC纳米纤维的合成与生长

基于化学气相反应法,以高纯Si和SiO₂为反应源材料,在碳纤维表面原位生长β-SiC纳米纤维。采用XRD、SEM和TEM 等分析测试手段对SiC纳米纤维进行了表征分析,研究了不同反应温度和时间对生成β-SiC纳米纤维微观形貌和结构的影响,并探讨了β-SiC纳米纤维的生长机制。研究结果表明：采取化学气相反应法能够制备高质量、高纯度的β-SiC纳米纤维,纳米纤维的直径约为100~300 nm。随着反应温度的提高和时间的延长,纳米纤维的产额增加,且微观组织形貌发生了变化。结合制备过程和纳米纤维微观结构的观察分析,表明气-固(VS)机制是SiC纳米纤维生长的主要机理。     

槲皮素在氧化锆修饰玻碳电极上的伏安行为及检测

制备了氧化锆修饰的玻碳电极,采用示差脉冲伏安法和循环伏安法探究了槲皮素在该电极上的电化学行为。结果表明,制备的修饰电极在pH=7.00的磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）中对槲皮素的氧化还原具有明显的电催化作用。采用槲皮素的氧化峰电流作为分析信号。在浓度为2.5×10-8~5×10-5 mol/L的范围内,氧化峰电流和浓度成良好的线性关系,线性方程为ip（μA）=0.0825c-9.861 84,检出限为5.35×10-9 mol/L。     

纳米金颗粒增强信号的电化学生物传感器用于谷胱甘肽和半胱氨酸的检测

构建了一种高灵敏检测谷胱甘肽(GSH)和半胱氨酸(Cys)的新型电化学生物传感器. 先将富含T碱基的DNA1和DNA2探针分别修饰在金电极和纳米金颗粒(AuNPs)上, 再加入Hg²⁺, 通过形成T-Hg²⁺-T结构使AuNPs结合到金电极表面. 当加入GSH(或Cys)后, GSH(或Cys)可以竞争结合T-Hg²⁺-T结构中的Hg²⁺, 使AuNPs离开电极表面. 由于AuNPs上修饰的DNA探针能够静电吸附大量电活性物质六氨合钌(RuHex), 因此该过程可引起计时电量信号的显著变化, 据此实现了GSH(或Cys)的高灵敏检测. 该传感器的检出限达10 pmol/L, 比荧光法或比色法降低了2~3个数量级. 实验结果表明, 该传感器具有较好的选择性.