Ni(OH)2修饰的三聚氰胺泡沫用于可压缩超级电容器电极

通过化学镀和电化学镀的方法制备了一种Ni(OH)₂电化学活性材料修饰三聚氰胺泡沫(MF)可压缩骨架的超级电容器电极材料MF/Ni(OH)₂。MF/Ni(OH)₂可压缩电极材料表现出最佳的电容性能,例如循环稳定性(即使在40 mA/cm^-3的电流密度下经过2000次充放电循环后,可压缩电极仍能保持90.63%的初始电容)和可压缩稳定性(即使在压缩率为50%时,仍具有97.88%的电容保持率)。层状可压缩超级电容器由MF/Ni(OH)₂弹性材料作为阳极,镍/碳(Ni/C)为阴极以及实验室中常用的滤纸作隔膜材料组成。这种超级电容器装置在不同的压缩下表现出良好的电化学性能和优异的压缩稳定性。最后,使用可压缩的超级电容器来点亮LED灯,以展示其在柔性电子设备中的应用。这些优化的电化学和机械性能表明MF/Ni(OH)₂可作为可压缩超级电容器的应用中的候选电极。     

高性能NiCoP基超级电容器电化学性能

采用水热和低温磷化反应两步法,在无添加沉淀剂条件下成功在泡沫镍上合成纳米花状镍钴磷化物(NiCoP/NF)。研究结果表明,镍/钴元素物质的量之比为1∶1时,在1 A·g~(-1)电流密度下,Ni_(1/2)Co_(1/2)P/NF的比容量高达1 276.36 F·g~(-1),在10 A·g~(-1)电流密度下充放电循环3 000次后,比容量保持率为78.23%。此外,以Ni_(1/2)Co_(1/2)P/NF为正极,活性炭(AC)为负极组装的非对称超级电容器(Ni_(1/2)Co_(1/2)P/NF//AC/NF)在725 W·kg~(-1)的功率密度下,能量密度高达36.25 Wh·kg~(-1)。     

Aluminum hypophosphite in combination with expandable graphite as a novel flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foams

The main aim of this work was to investigate the synergistic effect of expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) on the flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). A series of flame retardant RPUF containing EG and AHP were prepared by one‐shot and free‐rise method. The flame retardant, thermal degradation, and combustion properties of RPUF hybrids were characterized through limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning (UL‐94) test, thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimeter. The LOI and UL‐94 results showed that the RPUF sample with 10 wt% EG and 5 wt% AHP passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating and reached a relatively high LOI value of 28.5%, which is superior over other EG/AHP ratios in RPUF at the equivalent filler loading. Microscale combustion calorimeter results revealed that the incorporation of EG and AHP into RPUF reduced the peak heat release rate and total heat release, thus decrease the fire risk of RPUF significantly. Incorporation of EG and AHP improved the thermal stability of RPUF as observed from the thermogravimetric analysis results and also enhanced the thermal resistance of char layer at high temperature from scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, it could be seen from thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry spectra that the addition of EG and AHP significantly decreased the combustible gaseous products such as hydrocarbons and ethers. Finally, the synergistic mechanism in flame retardancy was discussed and speculated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

磷酸盐聚酯型水性聚氨酯/纳米SiO2的合成与性能

以2-磷酸基-1,2,4-三羧酸丁烷(PBTCA)、新戊二醇(NPG)为原料,制得数均相对分子质量为1500并含有磷酸基团的聚酯多元醇。将其与异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)反应,经1,4-丁二醇(BDO)扩链后得到水性聚氨酯,再以KH550为偶联剂,加入纳米SiO2,合成了纳米改性的磷酸型水性聚氨酯(PWPU)。通过红外光谱(FI-IR)、热重分析(TGA)对PWPU的结构和热稳定性进行了研究,使用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对乳液的形貌进行了观察。通过TEM发现,大量粒径在110 nm左右的化合物合成,并与红外光谱联合分析得出,SiO2通过化学键与PWPU相连接。热重分析、残炭量分析和拉伸测试表明,经过纳米SiO2改性的PWPU其阻燃性、热稳定性以及力学性能均有明显的提升,具有很好的应用前景。     

Synthesis of novel hierarchical ZSM-5 monoliths and their application in trichloroethylene removal

A self-supporting ZSM-5 monolith with a hierarchical porosity was prepared using polyurethane foam (PUF) as a structural template and a hydrothermal synthesis procedure. The synthesized monolith was characterized and investigated towards the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of trichloroethylene (TCE). Adsorption of TCE was studied gravimetrically and oxidation of TCE was studied using a vapor-phase down-flow reactor. Monolithic ZSM-5 displayed good sorption properties and completely oxidized TCE. Conversion levels of 50% and 90% were achieved at reduced temperatures (by ~50 ℃) when compared with the conversion temperatures obtained from the powder counterparts. Besides the activity of the monolith towards TCE adsorption and oxidation, it was stable and enhanced diffusion, thereby reducing pressure drops to a great extent owing to its hierarchical porous nature.     

泡沫塑料富集–石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定贝类水产品中痕量铊

采取微波消解的前处理手段消解样品,经泡沫塑料分离富集后,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定贝类水产品中痕量铊。以1.5 mL Fe3+,2 mL H2O2和5%王水介质作为吸附体系将样品中铊分离富集,再以硝酸钯、抗坏血酸作为基体改进剂进行测定。铊的质量浓度在0～50μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.999 7,方法的检出限可达0.07μg/g。测定结果的相对别准偏差为1.53%～4.01%(n=7),加标回收率为87.1%～98.3%。泡沫塑料富集–石墨炉子吸收光谱法测定贝类水产品中痕量铊是一种准确、安全、便捷的检测方法。     

Fabrication of flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant isocyanate-based polyimide foam modified by silica aerogel thermal insulation and flame protection layers

Because of containing urea groups, flame resistance and smoke releasing behaviors of isocyanate-based polyimide foam (IBPIF) produced using free foaming technology require further improvement. In this work, silica aerogel layers were incorporated into cells of IBPIF through an in situ growth process of silica sol (SS). Compared with silica aerogel particles directly mixed into the foaming slurry, the silica aerogel layers that firmly attached to the pores and surfaces of cells not only provided exceptional thermal insulation and flame protection, but also kept original cellular structure. With increase in ratio of SS mass to IBPIF volume, silica aerogel incorporation dosage was gradually increased. Accompanied by flame resistance was obviously improved and smoke releasing behavior was effectively suppressed. Those were indicated by the improved limiting oxygen index (LOI), decreased heat release rate (HRR), peak of HRR, and specific optical density of smoke (Ds) in trials with pilot flames. Compared with pure IBPIF, when the ratio reached to 5/15 g/cm³, it resulted in LOI increasing from 22.0% to 33.0%, peak of HRR, total smoke production (TSP), and maximum value of Ds decreasing from 174 to 72 kW/m², 1.11 to 0.37 m²/m², 45.90 to 17.45, respectively.     

Enhancing toughness of poly (lactic acid)/Thermoplastic polyurethane blends via increasing interface compatibility by polyurethane elastomer prepolymer and its toughening mechanism

Due to the environmental pollution caused by the petroleum-based polymer, poly (lactic acid) (PLA), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that obtained from natural and renewable sources, has attracted widespread attention. However, the brittleness of PLA greatly limits its application. In this study, the super toughened PLA-based blends were obtained by compatibilizing the PLA/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blends with the polyurethane elastomer prepolymer (PUEP) as an active compatibilizer. The mechanical properties, thermal properties and corresponding toughening mechanism of PLA/TPU/PUEP system were studied by tensile test, instrumented impact test, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All the results demonstrate that the isocyanate (−NCO) group in PUEP is successfully reacted with the –OH groups at both sides of the PLA and the obtained polyurethane (PU)~PLA copolymer (PU ~ cõ PLA) significantly improves the interfacial compatibility of PLA/TPU blends. The gradually refined dispersed phase size and fuzzy phase interface as displayed in SEM images suggest a good interfacial compatibilization in the PLA/TPU/PUEP blends, probably due to the isocyanate reaction between PLA and PUEP. And the interfacial reaction and compatibilization among the components led to the formation of super toughened PLA/TPU/PUEP blends. And the instrumented impact results indicate that most of the impact toughness is provided by the crack propagation rather than the crack initiation during the entire fracture process.     

不同色浆质量分数的水性聚氨酯涂料对聚氯乙烯表皮低温爆破性能的影响

本文制备了一系列不同色浆质量分数的水性聚氨酯涂料,并将其喷涂在汽车仪表板聚氯乙烯(PVC)表皮的背面形成复合材料。 用旋转流变仪表征了涂料的粘度以评价其喷涂性能;用差示扫描量热仪表征了材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_g);利用万能材料试验机表征了材料在-30 ℃条件下的拉伸性能及抗撕裂性能;用动态热机械分析仪表征了材料的损耗比随温度的变化。 结果表明:不同色浆质量分数的涂料都能喷涂,含有涂层材料PVC表皮在-30 ℃低温爆破性能与涂层材料的T_g、低温拉伸性能、抗撕裂性能的关系并不大,而与涂层材料的阻尼性能直接相关。 材料的阻尼性能越好,其低温爆破性能越好。     

多尺度Ag/CuO复合光热材料的制备及在海水淡化中的应用

采用原位化学反应和热处理相结合的策略,在泡沫铜表面形成丝线状与花瓣状的立体无机物阵列,然后在其表面蒸镀Ag纳米颗粒(NPs),成功制备了基于泡沫铜的Ag/CuO复合光热材料。该复合材料因表面三维立体阵列结构以及Ag NPs而具备较高的太阳光吸收率。故而,Ag/CuO复合光热材料结合三聚氰胺泡沫组成的蒸发器件实现了高效的海水淡化。本研究除了探索光陷阱深度和金属掺杂对吸收体光热转换效率增强之外,还搭建了太阳能驱动界面蒸汽生成测试系统,测试了样品的光热蒸发性能。在1倍太阳(1 kW·m~(-2))辐照下,该器件整体蒸发速率高达1.097 6 kg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),即其蒸发效率可达78.38%。