全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10248篇 |
免费 | 1712篇 |
国内免费 | 967篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 10360篇 |
晶体学 | 85篇 |
力学 | 122篇 |
综合类 | 31篇 |
数学 | 25篇 |
物理学 | 2304篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 18篇 |
2023年 | 159篇 |
2022年 | 373篇 |
2021年 | 529篇 |
2020年 | 703篇 |
2019年 | 556篇 |
2018年 | 499篇 |
2017年 | 572篇 |
2016年 | 775篇 |
2015年 | 755篇 |
2014年 | 840篇 |
2013年 | 995篇 |
2012年 | 865篇 |
2011年 | 847篇 |
2010年 | 665篇 |
2009年 | 655篇 |
2008年 | 589篇 |
2007年 | 531篇 |
2006年 | 406篇 |
2005年 | 343篇 |
2004年 | 252篇 |
2003年 | 209篇 |
2002年 | 172篇 |
2001年 | 147篇 |
2000年 | 95篇 |
1999年 | 84篇 |
1998年 | 54篇 |
1997年 | 38篇 |
1996年 | 31篇 |
1995年 | 24篇 |
1994年 | 23篇 |
1993年 | 30篇 |
1992年 | 24篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 13篇 |
1989年 | 8篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 3篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 101 毫秒
981.
Gerard A. van Albada Nora Veldman Anthony L. Spek Jan Reedijk 《Journal of chemical crystallography》2000,30(1):69-72
The title compound, catena-[bis(azido-N)-copper(II)-(bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane), [Cu(C18H18N4)(N3)2]n, was obtained from the reaction of the ligand bis(2-benzimidazolyl)butane and Cu(N3)2. The x-ray crystal structure is reported. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.2524(10), b = 12.765(5), c = 9.1125(15) Å, = 106.423(12)°, Z = 2. The Cu(II) ions are square-planar coordinated with trans-oriented end-on binding azido ligands. The structure is a polynuclear chain with the benzimidazole bridging at each end. In addition a N(ligand)-H···N(azido) H-bridge [N(ligand)···N(azido) = 2.994(7) Å] is present, resulting in a pseudo 2-dimensional lattice. The characteristic azido infrared vibrations are found at 2060 and 2077 cm–1 (as(N3)) and 1284 and 1297 cm–1 ((N3)). 相似文献
982.
A. I. Belousova Yu. E. Lozovikb 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2000,8(2):251-264
A two dimensional (2D) classical system of dipole particles confined by a quadratic potential is studied. This system can
be used as a model for rare electrons in semiconductor structures near a metal electrode, indirect excitons in coupled quantum
dots etc. For clusters of N ≤ 80 particles ground state configurations and appropriate eigenfrequencies and eigenvectors for the normal modes are found.
Monte-Carlo and molecular dynamic methods are used to study the order-disorder transition (the “melting” of clusters). In
mesoscopic clusters (N < 37) there is a hierarchy of transitions: at lower temperatures an intershell orientational disordering of pairs of shells
takes place; at higher temperatures the intershell diffusion sets in and the shell structure disappears. In “macroscopic”
clusters (N > 37) an orientational “melting” of only the outer shell is possible. The most stable clusters (having both maximal lowest
nonzero eigenfrequencies and maximal temperatures of total melting) are those of completed crystal shells which are concentric
groups of nodes of 2D hexagonal lattice with a number of nodes placed in the center of them. The picture of disordering in
clusters is compared with that in an infinite 2D dipole system. The study of the radial diffusion constant, the structure
factor, the local minima distribution and other quantities shows that the melting temperature is a nonmonotonic function of
the number of particles in the system. The dynamical equilibrium between “solid-like” and “orientationally disordered” forms
of clusters is considered. 相似文献
983.
The CdS nanoparticles whose structure is similar to a strong electrolyte were synthesized by the colloidal chemical method. The CdS nanoparticles with Cd2+-rich surface are capped by the electrically neutral ligand of 2,2-bipyridine (bpy), and the counterion, BPh4
-, is adsorbed around the particle as balance charge. The donation from 2,2-bipyridine at 2-position to the Cd2+-rich surface of the CdS nanoparticles was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). These CdS nanoparticles can redisperse in pyridine (py) or DMF, and have high stability. The determination of electroconductivity and the electrophoresis deposition in dilute solution containing the CdS nanoparticles further prove the rationality of the above electrolyte structure of the CdS nanoparticles. 相似文献
984.
Influence of Hydrothermal Temperature on Structures and Photovoltaic Properties of SnO2 Nanoparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Liu Yang Yang Jihua Yang Wensheng Xie Tengfeng Bai Yubai Li Tiejin 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2000,2(3):309-313
Two SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 170°C and 180°C, respectively. Transmission electron microscope observations reveal that the diameters of both the nanoparticles are around 6nm. At the same time, surface photovoltage spectroscopy measurements show that the nanoparticle synthesized at 180°C has more surface electronic states at 0.3eV below the conduction band than the one synthesized at 170°C. This means that the temperatures chosen in hydrothermal synthesis have significant influence on the surface electronic characteristics of resultant SnO2 nanoparticles but the effect on their sizes is not obvious. However, after being calcined at 500°C for 2h, the diameter of the nanoparticle synthesized at 180°C increased to 23nm and that of the nanoparticle synthesized at 170°C increased to 32nm as calculated from X-ray diffraction pattern. 相似文献
985.
Information on available polystyrene calibration spheres is presented regarding the particle diameter, uncertainty in the size, and the width of the size distribution for particles in a size range between 20 and 100nm. The use of differential mobility analysis for measuring the single primary calibration standard in this size range, 100nm NIST Standard Reference Material®1963, is described along with the key factors in the uncertainty assessment. The issues of differences between international standards and traceability to the NIST Standard are presented. The lack of suitable polystyrene spheres in the 20–40nm size range will be discussed in terms of measurement uncertainty and width of the size distributions. Results on characterizing a new class of molecular particles known as dendrimers will be described and the possibilities of using these as size calibration standards for the size range from 3 to 15nm will be discussed. 相似文献
986.
P. Billaud J.-R. Huntzinger E. Cottancin J. Lermé M. Pellarin L. Arnaud M. Broyer N. Del Fatti F. Vallée 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2007,43(1-3):271-274
The extinction spectrum of single silver nanoparticles
with size ranging from 20 to 80 nm is investigated with the spatial
modulation spectroscopy technique using either a tunable laser or a white
lamp as the broadband source. Results are in good agreement with the
prediction of the Mie theory, permitting to extract the nanoparticle size
from the measured absolute value of the optical extinction cross-section. In
contrast, the deduced refractive index of the nanoparticle environment and
the reduction of the electron mean free path show a large dependence on the
precise value of the bulk silver dielectric function. 相似文献
987.
Thin solid polymer electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) and silver triflate (AgCF3SO3) dispersed with various concentrations of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles have been prepared by solution casting technique. These thin polymer films are found to have thickness of
the order of 30 to 100 μm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns have indicated the amorphous nature of the polymer electrolyte.
The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) traces showed slight change in the glass transition temperature (T
g) whereas the degree of crystallization (X
c) decreases markedly due to the addition of alumina nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis of
all these samples has revealed the presence of absorption bands around 1,000 cm−1; thus indicating the complexation of silver ions with oxygen in PEO. Employing the Wagner’s polarization technique as the
standard method, the total ionic transference number for the complexed polymer electrolyte was found to be approximately unity
thereby revealing that the significant contribution to electrical conduction was due to ions only.
Paper presented at the Third International Conference on Ionic Devices (ICID 2006), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, December 7–9,
2006 相似文献
988.
Ming Wen Kejia E Haiquan Qi Lujiang Li Juan Chen Ying Chen Qingsheng Wu Tao Zhang 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2007,9(5):909-917
Dispersed-well FePt nanoparticles with particle size ~5 nm have been prepared by hydrazine hydrate reduction of H2PtCl6·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O in ethanol–water system. By employing as-synthesized FePt nanoparticles, the monolayer can be formed by LB Technique. The
structural, magnetic properties and electrochemical properties of FePt monolayer were respectively studied by XRD, TEM, VSM
and CHI 820 electrochemical workstation. The as-synthesized particle has a chemically disordered fcc structure and can be
transformed into chemically ordered fct structure after annealing treatment above 400°C. The coercivity of ordered fct FePt
phase can be up to 2515Oe. CVs of 0.5 M H2SO4/0.5M CH3OH on GCE modified with FePt nanoparticles monolayer films illustrate that the as-synthesized FePt is a kind of active electrochemical
catalyst. 相似文献
989.
Bimal P. Singh Jayadev Jena Laxmidhar Besra Sarama Bhattacharjee 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2007,9(5):797-806
The dispersion characteristics of nanosize silicon carbide (SiC) suspension were investigated in terms of surface charge,
particle size, rheological measurement and adsorption study. Ammonium polycarboxylate has been used as dispersant to stabilize
the suspension. It was found that the isoelectric point (iep) of SiC powder was pHiep (4.9). The surface charge of powder changed significantly in presence of the ammonium polycarboxylate dispersant and iep
shifted significantly towards lower acidic pH (3.6). The shift in iep has been quantified in terms of ΔG
0
SP, the specific free energy of adsorption between the surface sites and the adsorbing polyelectrolyte (APC). The values of
ΔG
0
SP (−10.85 RT unit) estimated by the electro kinetic data compare well with those obtained from adsorption isotherms (−9.521 RT unit). The experimentally determined optimum concentration of dispersant required for maximizing the dispersion was found
to be 2.4 mg/g of SiC (corresponding to an adsorbed amount of 1.10 mg/g), at pH 7.5. This is much below the full monolayer
coverage (corresponding to adsorbed amount of 1.75 mg/g) of the particles surface by the dispersant. The surface charge quantity,
rheological, pH, electro kinetic and adsorption isotherm results were used to explain and correlate the stability of the nanosize
silicon carbide in aqueous media. At pH 7.5, where both SiC surface and APC are negatively charged, the adsorption of APC
was low because of limited availability of favourable adsorption sites. In addition, the brush-like configuration of the adsorbed
polymer prevented close approach of any additional dispersant; hence stabilization of the slurry happens at a comparatively
lower concentration than the monolayer coverage. 相似文献
990.
Shihui Jiao Guangsheng Pang Hongwei Liang Yan Chen Shouhua Feng 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2007,9(4):605-610
Nanoparticles and nanorods of CuSb2O6 are prepared by hydrothermal method and its high temperature α-phase is stabilized at room temperature. The average size
of the nanoparticles is ca. 13.7 nm. The nanorods, with a width of ca. 20 nm and an aspect ratio of ca. 5, are the agglomerates
composing of smaller nanoparticles with an average size of ca. 8.3 nm. Compared with the high temperature α-phase of bulk
sample at 400 K, the lattice of nanophases elongated in ab plane and compressed along c direction. The CuSb2O6 nanoparticles exhibit predominant paramagnetic phenomenon. The difference in magnetic properties of the nanoparticles and
nanorods indicates the interfacial interaction of agglomerated nanoparticles. 相似文献