杜仲胶研究进展及发展前景

本文介绍了杜仲胶发展简史及其塞础研究和应用开发取得的新进展。指出:高弹性杜仲胶的诞生,杜仲胶硫化过程三阶段及与之对应的三类不同材料的发现,杜仲胶材料工程学的形成及“橡一塑统一材料谱”概念的提出,把杜仲胶的研究及开发带到了一个新阶段,进而推动了系列功能材料的开发。最后讨论了以杜仲胶为中心的杜仲资源综合利月的前景。     

高温自蔓延技术在环境保护领域中的应用

高温自蔓延技术具有反应温度高、能量利用效率高、处理过程快速、不需要大设备和设施投入等特点,已在环境保护和污染控制领域得到了广泛的关注及研究。本文回顾了近20年来高温自蔓延技术在环境保护领域应用的研究状况,主要从以下4个方面进行综述:(1)高温自蔓延技术在固体废物处理、处置中的应用;(2)高温自蔓延技术在高放废物固化、稳定化中的应用;(3)高温自蔓延技术在有机污染控制过程中的应用;(4)高温自蔓延技术合成环境功能材料的应用等。文中着重介绍了高温自蔓延技术在各应用领域所取得的理论和工程实践成果,特别是近年来机械诱发自蔓延、全废物型自蔓延和自蔓延废物处理流水线等技术在废物处理和资源回收领域的应用。此外,还指出了环保高温自蔓延研究领域的不足并展望了今后的发展趋势。     

气相色谱-质谱法同时测定聚氯乙烯塑料制品中的10种有机锡化合物

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)同时快速有效地测定了聚氯乙烯（PVC）塑料制品中的二丁基氯化锡、单丁基氯化锡、三乙基氯化锡、三苯基氯化锡、三丁基氯化锡、三丙基氯化锡、二苯基氯化锡、四丁基锡、二辛基氯化锡和单苯基氯化锡等10种有机锡化合物。使用四氢呋喃溶解PVC样品,甲醇沉淀样品中的聚合物,超声萃取其中的有机锡化合物,将提取液衍生化后用正己烷萃取,采用GC-MS总离子流和选择离子进行定性定量测定。对衍生化时间、衍生化pH值、衍生化试剂用量、沉淀试剂用量等样品前处理条件进行了优化,并进行了线性关系、回收率、精密度等考察。结果表明,方法的线性范围为0.5～50 mg/L,线性相关系数为0.9978～0.9997。10种有机锡化合物的回收率及相对标准偏差(n=9)分别为84.23%～109.1%和4.24%～10.75%。所建立的方法能很好地应用于PVC塑料制品中有机锡化合物的检测。     

Reaction dynamics of Cl O ClO O

Applying the two photon laser induced fluorescence technique for nascent state resolved ClO() detection, the reaction dynamics of Cl+O ClO+O₂ is investigated. The ClO product is formed in its electronic ground state ClO(). A complete product state analysis in terms of vibration, rotation, spin-orbit and -states indicates that nascent ClO radicals are formed in v =0-6 vibrational states peaking at v =3. The ClO fragment shows a moderate rotational excitation, described by a Boltzmann distribution with a temperature parameter of 1300 K 200 K. The spin orbit ratio of :. Most of the excess energy is released as translational energy or as internal energy of the O₂ product. By comparing our results with the trajectory studies of Farantos and Murrell, we favour a reaction mechanism, where the transition complex is planar containing an essentially linear OOCl group. In order to determine the possible influence of vibrationally excited ClO on other trace components of the atmosphere, especially the reaction ClO(v >0)+ O₃, a rough estimate of the vibrational relaxation rate of ClO with the major atmospheric collision partner, N₂, has been performed. A measurement of the vibrational distribution of ClO at different N₂ pressures indicates a mean vibrational relaxation rate of . Received: 27 February 1998 / Revised: 1st April 1998 / Accepted: 15 April 1998     

Molecular dynamics of hyperbranched polyesters in the confinement of thin films

Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy is employed to investigate the molecular dynamics in thin films of hyperbranched polyesters (type AB₁B₂, with -OH and -OCOCH₃ as terminal groups). Three relaxation processes are detected: alpha, beta and gamma. While the latter two are not influenced by the confinement, a pronounced effect is observed on the alpha relaxation: with decreasing film thickness the slower relaxation modes of the dynamic glass transition are gradually suppressed, resulting in an increase of the average relaxation rate and in a linear decrease of the dielectric strength. This is attributed to an immobilization in confinement of the polymeric segments located at the periphery of the hyperbranched macromolecular structures.     

Chain orientation in natural rubber,Part I: The inverse yielding effect

Inhomogeneous deformations are observed in stretched natural rubber of different crosslink density; the conditions of observation, nucleation and propagation are given in the first part of the paper. In samples of low crosslink density these inhomogeneities recall necking observed in others materials and in glassy polymers when the materials are drawn above a critical draw ratio. The difference is that in natural rubbers, NR, they nucleate and propagate at constant stress during unloading. This phenomenon, called inverse yielding appears during recovery only if the samples have been drawn previously in the hardening domain. During necking propagation the stress is constant. The mechanical and crystallinity properties of samples with and without inverse yielding are studied as a function of draw ratio, crosslink density and temperature. In the second part of the paper this transition zone (neck) of thickness 2 mm is studied by WAXS at the synchrotron source. From the orientation of NR crystallites and from the orientation of the stearic acid (2%, present in this type of rubber) we conclude that the deformation in the neck follows the flow lines. From the local crystallinity of the NR crystallites one deduces the local draw ratio across this transition zone. We suggest that in all these rubbers, which present a plateau of the recovery stress strain curve, micronecking exists. This effect is discussed in the framework of the Flory theory.-1     

热塑性塑料的激光焊接实验研究

建立了半导体激光焊接系统，在此系统上进行了热塑性塑料的激光焊接实验，研究了不同颜料有机玻璃材料组合的激光焊接可行性，进行了有机玻璃的激光焊接实验，并对焊接样品的焊接强度进行了测试。     

Analysis of the area of material really tested by TMA

Deformation distribution within the specimen beneath the thermomechanical analysis (TMA) probe, found by using the finite element method (FEM), depends mainly on penetration depth, specimen thickness and diameter as well as on radius of the probe tip when the Poisson’s ratio influences it just slightly. For standard radius of the tip R_o=1 mm, most deformation is distributed in a material layer up to 0.5 mm thick independently on elastic modulus of a polymer at a glassy state. It is caused by the fact that maximal penetration depth for the polymers usually equals to about 0.05 mm. Because of this, the contact surface area is less than 0.17 mm² for the standard radius of the tip. This evidences that predominantly the specimen volume equal to  mm² (depth×area) is tested by the TMA at compression mode. For R_o=5 mm is tested the layer 2.5 mm thick. This makes possible to evaluate the material properties in the zone of different thickness depending on radius of the tip.     

Branched crystal morphology of linear polyethylene crystallized in a two-dimensional diffusion-controlled growth field

The branched crystal morphology of linear polyethylene formed at various temperatures from thin films has been studied by atomic-force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED) pattern and polymer decoration technique. Two types of branched patterns, i.e. dendrite and seaweed patterns, have been visualized. The fractal dimension d _f = 1.65 of both dendrite and some of seaweed patterns was obtained by using the box-counting method, although most of the seaweed patterns are compact. Selected-area ED patterns indicate that the fold stems tilt about 34.5^° around the b-axis and polymer decoration patterns show that the chain folding direction and regularity in two (200) regions are quite different from each other. Because of chain tilting, branched crystals show three striking features: 1) the lamella-like branches show two (200) regions with different thickness; 2) the crystals usually bend towards the thin region; 3) the thick region grows faster by developing branches, thus branches usually occur outside the thick region. The branched patterns show a characteristic width w, which gives a linear relationship with the crystallization temperature on a semilogarithmic plot. Received 15 March 2002 and Received in final form 29 April 2002