Influence of peripheral alkyl chain length on the mesomorphic behaviours of hexasubstituted triphenylene 2,3-dicarboxylic esters

A comparative study of our established synthetic approaches to hexasubsituted triphenylenes 2,3-dicarboxylic esters containing four identical β-alkoxy and two adjacent β-alkoxycarbonyl side chains shows that the phase behaviours of small-sized discotic liquid crystals can be tailored over a wide range by simply varying the length of the peripheral alkyl chains. All the prepared esters in two series were observed to form a single hexagonal columnar phase, except for Tp4-1 having four β-butyloxy and two adjacent β-methoxycarbonyl chains which displays two columnar mesophase behaviours with a transition from the columnar plastic phase to hexagonal columnar phase. A significant difference between the two mesophase was observed in the variable temperature X-ray diffraction studies, and the mesophase assignment was also confirmed by polarising optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Moreover, the prepared esters in each series display the general trend of decreasing clearing temperature upon increasing alkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl chains length. The intermediate triphenylene 2,3-dicarboxylic acids were also found not only to exhibit columnar hexagonal mesophase over a narrower temperature range by maintaining high melting and clearing points but also to form organogel on mixing with toluene or dichloromethane with the assistance of hydrogen bonding.     

弹塑性板壳结构非线性有限元分析

本文根据塑性流动理论的基本公式，由隐式积分导出了与路径无关的变量更新算法和一致切线模量。采用单元广义应力应变直接离散塑性流动定律，构造了杂交应力单元一致切线刚度矩阵的显式表达式，编制了结构有限元程序ＳＡＦＥ，数值算例表明：本文的计算方法和计算程序是正确可靠的，可用于弹塑性板壳结构的非线性分析，计算结果屈曲临界载荷和极限承载能力。     

部分均匀荷载作用下圆板塑性极限统一解

本文采用俞茂宏双剪统一屈服准则求解部分均匀荷载下简支圆板的塑性极限，已有的最大主应力准则、Ｔｒｅｓｃａ准则，Ｍｉｓｅｓ准则的解答均是该解答的特例或线性逼近。该解答可以适合于多种工程材料，具有普遍性和适用性，从得出的解析解和图示中可得出一些新的有益的认识     

A theory of large-strain isotropic thermoplasticity based on metric transformation tensors

Summary A formulation of isotropic thermoplasticity for arbitrary large elastic and plastic strains is presented. The underlying concept is the introduction of a metric transformation tensor which maps a locally defined six-dimensional plastic metric onto the metric of the current configuration. This mixed-variant tensor field provides a basis for the definition of a local isotropic hyperelastic stress response in the thermoplastic solid. Following this fundamental assumption, we derive a consistent internal variable formulation of thermoplasticity in a Lagrangian as well as a Eulerian geometric setting. On the numerical side, we discuss in detail an objective integration algorithm for the mixed-variant plastic flow rule. The special feature here is a new representation of the stress return and the algorithmic elastoplastic moduli in the eigenvalue space of the Eulerian plastic metric for plane problems. Furthermore, an algorithm for the solution of the coupled problem is formulated based on an operator split of the global field equations of thermoplasticity. The paper concludes with two representative numerical simulations of thermoplastic deformation processes.     

分析薄壳塑性动力响应问题的一种数值方法

探索薄壳塑性动力响应问题的分析与数值方法,是当今力学中的重要课题之一。笔者曾给出联合应用拉普拉斯变换和最小二乘法分析梁、板、壳塑性动力响应的方法。本文分别针对承受中载的短壳和长壳问题,给出只用最小二乘法分析其塑性动力响应的方法。     

铸铁材料在边界润滑条件下形成薄片状磨屑的塑性流动机制

本文在铸铁材料油润滑线接触滑动磨损状态研究的基础上,对边界润滑区典型的薄片状磨屑之形成过程进行了考察。通过对磨损表面的几何形貌、磨屑的形态和内部显微组织变化的分析,提出了薄片状磨屑的塑性流动形成机制。作者认为,薄片状磨屑的形成是磨损表面材料在局部应力和摩擦热的作用下以3种方式发生塑性流动的结果:当摩擦方向垂直于磨削加工条纹时为单侧塑性流动;当摩擦方向平行于磨削加工条纹时为双侧塑性流动;而在峰顶平台(磨削加工粗糙条纹磨合后形成的微平台)较大且载荷较高时,则为平台上的材料沿着摩擦方向向前挤压流动。     

塑料玩具中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的超高效液相色谱分析

建立了超高效液相色谱法同时测定塑料玩具中8种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)的分析方法。以乙醇为溶剂,采用超声萃取法提取塑料玩具中8种邻苯二甲酸酯。该方法的回收率为93.6%~98.8%,相对标准偏差为0.5%~2.3%,检出限达0.16~0.76 ng。该法能够满足同时检测塑料玩具中8种环境雌激素的需要。     

Determination of melamine and related triazine by-products ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid by micellar electrokinetic chromatography

In this study, micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) methods were developed for the detection of traces of melamine and its related by-products (ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid). Two on-line sample concentration steps namely reversed electrode polarity stacking mode (REPSM) and cation-selective injection (CSI) were used for improving the detection sensitivity. For REPSM, a borate-NaOH buffer (pH 10, 35 mM) composed of 60 mM SDS and 10% (v/v) methanol, was used as carrier electrolyte, and samples were prepared in an aqueous solution of 10 mM NaOH. In CSI, a phosphate buffer (pH 2, 50 mM) containing 41 mM SDS was used as the carrier electrolyte, and samples were prepared with an aqueous solution of 10 mM NaOH and a phosphate buffer (pH 2.0, 25 mM) in a volume ratio of 1:9. The results indicated that REPSM enhanced all analyte signals except for melamine, which could be concentrated only by the CSI. The detection limit was reduced from 1.7 mg L⁻¹ to 2.8 μg L⁻¹ for melamine by the optimal CSI step, and from 0.23-1.2 mg L⁻¹ to 2.4-5.0 μg L⁻¹ for the other three analytes by the optimal REPSM step. Tableware made of melamine and samples of flour were used as test samples, and the results indicated that the proposed MEKC methods can successfully determine contaminations from melamine. The study also indicated that when the plastic made of melamine was exposed only once to an acidic solution (acetic or phosphoric acid) at 80 °C for 30 min, melamine continuously leached out from the test sample even without any further treatment with an acidic solution.     

Computer controlled-flow injection potentiometric system based on virtual instrumentation for the monitoring of metal-biosorption processes

A completely automated flow-injection system was developed for the monitoring of biosorption studies of Cu(II) ion on vegetable waste by-products. The system employed flow-through Cu(II)-selective electrodes, of epoxy-resin-CuS/Ag₂S heterogeneous crystalline type, and computer controlled pumps and valves for the flow operation. Computer automation was done through a specially devised virtual instrument, which commanded and periodically calibrated the system, allowing for the monitoring of Cu(II) ions between 0.6 and 6530 mg L⁻¹ at a typical frequency of 15 h⁻¹. Grape stalk wastes were used as biosorbent to remove Cu(II) ions in a fixed-bed column with a sorption capacity of 5.46 mg g⁻¹, obtained by the developed flow system, while the reference determination performed by FAAS technique supplied a comparable value of 5.41 mg g⁻¹.     

合肥光源托歇克效应损失电子的探测

 束流寿命是衡量储存环性能的重要参数,直接影响着光源的正常运行。对于合肥光源（HLS）,托歇克（Touschek）寿命是影响束流寿命的重要因素。为了研究Touschek寿命,需要探测由于Touschek效应所损失的电子。介绍了束流寿命的概念,说明了Touschek效应的原理和机制,利用蒙特卡罗软件EGSnrc模拟计算了丢失电子与真空壁的相互作用,通过塑料闪烁体探测器和光电倍增管获得了由于Touschek效应丢失的电子所产生的信号,然后将信号经过放大甄别和符合处理后,用计数器测量了计数率。结果表明：由于Touschek效应而成对丢失的电子的确存在,且电子损失率随流强的降低而减小。这为下一步储存环的能量标定工作做好了前期准备。