The Assignment of the 1600 cm−1 Mystery Band of Carbons

Abstract

The assignment of a band near 1600 cm^?1 in IR spectra of carbons has been controversial for four decades. However, many different carbons have been studied: effectively, a single band assignment was sought for an absorption appearing with three different classes of carbon. As these differ in over-all structure, not one but three explanations are needed. These are discussed. However, undue emphasis has been placed on a single absorption; attention should also be paid to other absorptions accompanying the 1600 cm^?1 band.     

Analysis of some Elements in Fuel Oil by using Neutron Capture Gamma Ray Spectroscopy

The analysis of some elements in fuel oil was done by using neutron capture gamma ray spectroscopy. The gamma rays emitted after the reaction of (n, γ) from the fuel oil atoms bombarded with the thermal neutrons emitted from a ²⁵²Cf source were investigated in the energy interval 0 … 10 MeV. The impurity elements in the sample were determined.     

Direct Radiometric Measurement of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria: Hydrogen Sulfide-Diethanolamine

Direct radiometric measurements of the vapor concentration of H₂S in equilibrium with aqueous diethanolamine absorbing solution were made using ³⁵S-labeled H₂S. A thin-window Geiger-Müller tube viewed the gas phase only, while the absorbing solution was held in another part of the reaction flask. The equilibrium data were measured at H₂S partial pressures below 0.01 mm Hg; the agreement with published results obtained by chemical analysis was good. The radiometric results were obtained very rapidly; a test run with seven data points took about two hours to complete. The results were applied to processes for reducing H₂S concentrations in petroleum refinery fuel gases needed to meet tightening air pollution requirements.     

INVESTIGATING TAX DISTORTIONS: AN APPLIED MODEL OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND EXTRACTION DECISIONS

Abstract A numerical model is proposed for the testing of distortions caused by petroleum fiscal systems on the exploration and extraction activities of a profit‐maximizing firm. Traditional models have not been capable of testing for the distortions caused by the complex tax structures most often used by governments. Two tax combinations, as well as certain other taxes, are analyzed for distortions in the model. The model is parameterized using generic data because specific jurisdictions are not considered. The distortions due to rentals and royalties are as expected by theory. Property taxes show a new distortion result where production tilting is ambiguous.     

硫化氢对钴改性活性焦脱除煤气中汞的影响机理

采用等体积浸渍煅烧法制备钴改性活性焦(Co-AC),并采用BET、XRD等分析手段进行表征。 利用固定床吸附实验台,研究了模拟煤气(N₂、H₂、CO、H₂S)气氛下汞的吸附特性,重点关注H₂S对汞吸附的影响。 结果表明,5%负载量的Co-AC在120 ℃和H₂S作用下具有优异的脱汞能力,2 h内平均脱汞效率高达97.8%。 此外基于密度泛函理论,首先计算了H₂S、HS及S在Co₃O₄(110)表面的吸附能及键长,通过比较H—S键键长的变化得出H₂S会逐步解离成HS与S,然后将优化后的S-Co₃O₄(110)作为Hg的吸附基底,研究其吸附特性,得出Hg与S反应生成稳定的HgS,吸附能为-3.503 eV,证明了汞的吸附遵循Eley-Rideal机制。 Co-AC吸附剂在高温下脱汞性能受到极大的抑制,因为随吸附温度升高,表面活性硫的减少及硫和汞的反应平衡常数下降显著,导致汞的脱除能力下降。 本文采用了实验加模拟的手段,探明了H₂S存在时Hg⁰在钴基吸附剂表面的反应机理,为协同脱除煤气中的H₂S和Hg⁰提供了理论指导。     

固体氧化物燃料电池直接以焦炭为燃料的电性能

直接碳固体氧化物燃料电池（DC-SOFC）是一种潜在的固体碳燃料高效率、低污染发电技术。本研究报道了将工业焦炭直接用作管式DC-SOFC燃料的研究。制备了电极材料为Ag-GDC （钆掺杂氧化铈）的YSZ （钇稳定化氧化锆）电解质支撑型管式固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）。采用拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪对焦炭燃料进行了性质表征。结果表明,焦炭燃料呈微米级的颗粒状,并含有大量对Boudouard反应有利的缺陷结构。电池以纯焦炭为燃料在850℃取得的最大功率密度为149mW/cm²,在碳燃料表面负载能提高Boudouard反应速率的Fe催化剂后,最大功率密度提高至217mW/cm²。通过电化学测试和尾气表征,分析了恒电流放电过程中电池的性能衰减机制。测试结果证明了将焦炭直接用作全固态DC-SOFC的燃料产生电能的可行性。     

低阶煤热萃取物与瘦煤共炭化焦炭的微观结构及显微强度研究

以众唯瘦煤作为主炼焦煤,大同长焰煤萃取物作为添加剂,进行共炭化处理制备坩埚焦。利用偏光显微镜法定量研究焦炭光学显微组分,获得焦炭的各向异性指数(DRAS);采用XRD及分峰拟合的方法研究了焦炭的微晶粒径(L_c)、芳香缩合度(I_a)、石墨化度(g);利用Raman光谱结合分峰拟合的方法研究了焦炭中理想石墨微晶含量(I_g)。对所得焦炭的光学显微组分进行定量分析发现:大同长焰煤热解萃取产物的添加对共炭化焦炭的光学显微组分有显著的影响,利用偏光显微镜法计算出焦炭的DRAS与XRD和Raman计算的焦炭微晶参数呈现很好一致性。并且,焦炭的显微强度与其微观结构关联性极大。     

基于炼焦煤族组成和结构参数的焦炭质量预测模型及其成焦机理

以五种炼焦煤和44组配合煤为研究对象,在40 kg小焦炉环境下完成煤杯炼焦实验,以煤全组分分离所获得的煤重质组、密中质组和疏中质组收率Y_(HC)、Y_(DMC)、Y_(LMC)及反映煤中氢键缔合情况和脂肪链长短或支链化程度的红外光谱参数I3、I4为主要指标,通过BP神经网络分析方法建立了焦炭质量预测模型,并讨论了模型的特点,分析了新模型下的成焦机理。结果表明,使用新的煤组成结构参数预测焦炭质量具有一定优势,成焦率(CR)、显微强度(MSI)、粒焦反应性(PRI)和反应后强度(PSR)的预测值和实测值有较好一致性,对y=x的拟合相关系数分别达到0.986、0.982、0.956和0.926。模型对CR、MSI和PRI的预测效果较好,九个预测样本的平均偏差分别为0.53%、1.58%和1.28%;但对反应后强度PSR预测效果较差,平均偏差在12.22%。研究结果为建立炼焦配煤新方法提供了良好基础。     

Modeling of catalytic coke formation in thermal cracking reactors

At the start-up period, the most important mechanism in the coke production with a clean reactor surface is the catalytic mechanism. The study of this mechanism can be very useful for the better comprehension of the coke production process. In this paper, a model was designed for such a production through the utilization of a catalytic mechanism and a kinetic model, capable of interpreting the catalytic coke production on the reactor surface. For the determination of the model reliability, the experimental data related to the naphtha feed, existing in literature, were used. In addition, the constant parameters of the model, the velocity and the activation energy constants, associated to the kinetic model, were calculated. The results of the developed model were in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Eventually, the catalytic coke amount in comparison with the total coke production on the reactor surface and its significance were under investigation.