高分子化学实验“酚醛树脂合成”的改进——石油工程专业化学实验教学改革的思考

“酚醛树脂的合成”是一个典型的高分子化学逐步聚合实验,教材中原有的实验方案与石油工程专业结合不紧密,导致学生对酚醛树脂的合成机理、油田应用了解不够深入。通过对原有实验方案的不足之处进行了分析,提出用氢氧化钠溶液替代氨水作为反应的碱性催化剂,所合成的酚醛树脂具有良好的水溶性。随后将所制备的水溶性酚醛树脂用作聚丙烯酰胺的高温交联剂,得到油田常用的调剖堵水化学凝胶。改进后的实验方案更加贴近石油工程专业的现场应用,操作更为便利安全,同时满足了“高分子化学及物理”“油田化学”2门课程对该知识点学习的要求,使学生在加深高分子化学基础的同时还增强了应用所学知识解决工程问题的能力。     

石油产品微量残炭测定仪的校准

通过分析石油产品微量残炭测定仪的工作原理,参考相应的国家技术规范,建立石油产品微量残炭测定仪的校准方法,提出了示值误差、重复性等校准项目。采用残炭值为2.03%的油品残炭标准物质对石油产品微量残炭测定仪进行校准,其示值误差为0.04%,重复性为0.03%,对石油产品微量残炭测定仪示值误差测量结果的不确定度进行了评定,其扩展不确定度为0.15%(k=2)。该校准方法切实可行,可用于石油产品微量残炭测定仪的校准。     

煤、焦炭国家标准样品物理化学特性的稳定性考察及评价

从煤质材料、生产制备工艺方面介绍了影响煤、焦炭标准样品物理化学特性稳定性的因素,以实际煤、焦炭国家标准样品为例,考察了煤、焦炭标准样品物理化学特性值的稳定性,介绍了煤、焦炭标准样品稳定性评价的方法.根据稳定性考察结果,提出了保证煤、焦炭标准样品物理化学特性稳定性的措施.     

SO2影响V2O5/AC催化剂脱硝活性的机理

通过O2和SO2瞬态响应实验,研究了有水条件下SO2抑制V2O5/AC(活性焦)催化剂脱硝的原因.结果表明,SO2与V2O5反应生成VOSO4,导致V2O5/AC催化剂的脱硝活性下降.VOSO4的量动态变化,既与气氛中SO2的浓度有关,也与催化剂已实现的脱硫量(或硫含量)有关.催化剂的微孔(d<1nm)有利于SO3的迁移和储存,从而有利于脱硝.     

流化床快速制不定形活性焦脱除烟气中SO2的研究

利用大型流化床制得了适用于脱除烟道气中二氧化硫的不定形活性焦AC-A,并对其进行了特性分析,在固定床上考察了不同条件下脱除SO2的性能。与硫容相近的商业活性焦AC-B的脱硫性能对比,发现其脱硫性能较好。实验结果表明,在烟气中的二氧化硫的体积分数为0.05%~0.12%,反应温度为80 ℃～100 ℃,空速（GHSV）为1 200 h-1,O2的体积分数为6%,水蒸气为10%的情况下,活性焦AC-A保持SO2脱除率在90%以上达5 h。再生循环脱硫实验表明,活性焦AC-A具有良好的再生脱硫活性。     

高硫石油焦制备高储气性能天然气吸附剂

以高硫石油焦为原料,KOH为活化剂,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为表面活性剂制备天然气吸附剂,分析了高硫焦基吸附剂的孔结构和孔分布特征,讨论了高硫焦制备吸附剂的活化机理。结果表明,预活化中加入表面活性剂SDBS可提高KOH与原料的混合均匀度,对活化效果有利。最优活化条件下制备的吸附剂样品GSR3和GSR4的微孔容积分别达到1.0985cm3·g－1 和1.3193cm3·g－1,孔径分布集中在0.9nm~1.5nm;在25℃、充放气压力3.5MPa和0.1MPa下,GSR3、GSR4对甲烷的质量吸附量分别达到0.139和0.145,有效体积脱附量达到111和115。粉体高硫焦基吸附剂的性能非常接近于低硫焦基吸附剂。     

XPS analysis of petroleum well tubing adherence

Undesired material adhered to the internal surface of the tubing wall of some petroleum wells is critical for crude oil production. Field samples of steel with petroleum solid adherence were characterized by means of x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x‐ray diffraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy. The deposit naturally adhered on the steel surface is structurally formed by a thin, black and hard corrosion product layer (inner layer) ～15 µm thick under a thick, black and brittle organic deposit layer (outer layer) ～0.01 m thick composed mainly of hydrocarbons. This outer layer contains small amounts of barium sulphate (BaSO₄) co‐precipitated with organic compounds, which may contribute to the deposit's lack of cohesion. On the contrary, the inner layer of the deposit is firmly adhered to the steel substrate and contains clay minerals and iron compounds embedded in the hydrocarbon layer. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A modified alternating‐direction finite volume method for modeling secondary hydrocarbon migration and accumulation processes

We present a finite volume method for the coupled systems of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in secondary hydrocarbon migration and accumulation processes in basin modeling. We propose a modified alternating direction implicit splitting acceleration technique to solve the scheme in an effective and robust manner. We apply the scheme to simulate model problems with clear physical features and to secondary migration and accumulation problems in real petroleum reservoirs. The numerical experiments show that the scheme is very robust and generates stable and physically reasonable numerical results, even in the extremely long time period that ranges from millions of years to tens of millions of years. This clearly shows the strong potential of the method developed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 19: 254–270, 2003     

Improvements in the selection of real components forming a substitute mixture for petroleum fractions

Complex mixtures, particularly petroleum fractions, usually need to be suitably modeled before providing the simulation and other types of chemical engineering calculations. The most convenient way is to describe the original mixture by a substitute mixture. The formerly published approach based on the employment of substitute mixtures of real components can be improved in order to get a closer match between the behavior of the original and substitute mixtures. In the first phase of the algorithm, a new concept of a band around the characterization curves brings wider possibilities for the selection of real components into the substitute mixture. The second phase, which is used to determine the composition of the substitute mixture, can be also improved by considering the global or bulk properties of the original mixture if available. Typically, some of the properties e.g. liquid density, molecular mass and PNA (Paraffinic/Naphthenic/Aromatic carbon) analysis can be measured and used to improve the adjustment of the composition. The improved algorithm is illustrated by an example.     

基于醛类交联剂的煤焦油沥青族组分改性石油沥青

以中温煤焦油沥青的四氢呋喃萃取物(THFS)对石油基质沥青进行改性,考察了掺混量、掺混温度和不同种类交联剂对改性沥青性能的影响,确定了THFS最佳掺混量为8%,最佳掺混温度为135℃,甲醛交联剂的最佳掺混量为0.8%,三聚甲醛的最佳掺混量为0.2%。考察了两两和单族组分对基质沥青的改性性能,发现重油(HS)使得改性沥青的针入度、延度增大,沥青烯(A)和甲苯不溶四氢呋喃可溶物(PA)提高感温性,软化点升高。随着醛类交联剂的添加,提高了改性沥青的抗老化性能;甲基(CH_3)、亚甲基(CH_2)透射峰强度逐渐变强,770-730 cm~(-1)、710-690 cm~(-1)和770-810 cm~(-1)苯环取代透射峰强度逐渐增强,1 010~(-1) 270 cm~(-1)处C-O-C伸缩振动峰逐渐增强;热解峰温向高温移动,残炭率增加2%;改性粒子呈现一种连续的流线分布,添加三聚甲醛的改性沥青的流线分布更加集中。