气质联机分析蔬菜中农药多残留及基质效应的补偿

摘要建立了蔬菜中52种农药化合物的气相色谱\|质谱检测方法, 考察了基质效应和分析保护剂在方法中的应用, 评价了3种分析保护剂组合的加入对补偿基质效应的影响, 确定了最佳配比. 样品前处理采用乙腈提取, 用PSA(Primary-secondary amine)固相材料分散净化技术, 用气质联机在选择离子监测模式下分析检测. 该方法在0.01～1.00 mg/L范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数大于0.98, 最低检测浓度除溴氰菊酯和异菌脲外均在0.2～9.4 mg/kg之间, 各化合物添加回收率为81.8%～119.5%, 相对标准偏差为0.8%～17.6%.     

毛细管电泳法分析西维因等农药

 采用毛细管电泳法对西维因和 4种三嗪类农药进行了分离研究 ,考察了溶液的 pH值、胶束浓度和有机改性剂对分离的影响。以 2 0mmol/L硼砂 5 0mmol/L十二烷基硫酸钠 10 % (体积分数 )甲醇溶液 (pH 9 2 )为电泳缓冲液 ,采用压力进样方式 ,在 2 5kV恒压下进行分离 ,并在波长 2 2 5nm处检测 ,各组分可达到基线分离。在质量浓度为 30mg/L～ 2 0 0mg/L时 ,西维因标样的线性关系良好。该方法应用于西维因原药实际样品的测定 ,结果令人满意 ,西维因的加标回收率为 93 4 %～10 1 3% ,其峰面积的RSD为 2 5 9%。     

改进的QuEChERS方法结合液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱快速筛查与确证调味茶中52种农药残留

建立了调味茶中52种农药残留的QuEChERS方法结合液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱（LC-Q-TOF-MS）快速筛查方法。采用乙腈提取样品，经N-丙基乙二胺（PSA）、石墨化炭黑（GCB）、C₁₈净化，LC-Q-TOF-MS测定。结果表明：52种农药在调味茶中4个添加水平（10、20、50和100 μg/kg）下的回收率均在70%~120%之间，相对标准偏差（RSD，n=3）均小于20%，52种农药线性良好，线性相关系数（r）均大于0.99。52种添加农药的筛查限为0.001~0.01 mg/kg，定量限为0.002~0.02 mg/kg，均低于添加农药的欧盟最大残留限量（MRL）标准。该方法样品前处理简单、分析时间短、灵敏、可靠，适用于茶叶中多种农药残留的检测。     

QuEChERS-分散液液微萃取/气相色谱-串联质谱法高通量快速检测蔬果中152种农药残留

建立了QuEChERS-分散液液微萃取(DLLME)/气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)高通量同时测定蔬果中152种农药残留的分析方法。蔬果样品采用QuEChERS方法经乙腈提取,离心后取上清液加微量三氯甲烷(CHCl_3)进行DLLME,提取液以电子轰击电离源(EI)/气相色谱-串联质谱法选择反应监测模式(SRM)测定。结果显示,152种农药(含异构体)在5.0～200μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数均在0.995以上;在低、中、高3个加标浓度水平下的回收率为60.6%～119%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.5%～20%;方法检出限为0.14～2.3μg/kg,定量下限为0.45～7.7μg/kg。该方法操作简单、样品和溶剂用量少,定性准确,灵敏度高,适用于蔬果等新鲜农产品中高通量多农残快速筛查检测。     

Determination of organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites in crops by solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography/Diode array detection

Summary A multiresidue method for the analysis of 28 common organophosphorus pesticides and 3 of their main metabolites (paraoxon-ethyl, paraoxon-methyl and malaoxon) in a variety of crop samples has been developed. An aliquot of the chopped sample is homogenized with an organic solvent. The efficiency of extraction methods using methanol, acetone and acetonitrile was evaluated. The acetonitrile gives higher recoveries and minimizes co-extractives from the samples matrix. The resulting aqueous acetonitrile extract is filtered and cleaned by solid phase extraction (SPE). For SPE three different types of adsorption materials (Carbograph 1, LiChrobut-EN and Amberchrom CG-161m) were compared. The cleaned-up extract is injected into the LC system. Three different analytical columns were tested in conjunction with two mobile phase compositions of different polarity. The use of LC-DAD techniques allowed the identification of both organophosphorus pesticides and metabolites by means of standard and spectral comparison, respectively. The accuracy of the quantitative determination measured in terms of average percentage recovery of 31 compounds in crop samples was 61–96% with a relative standard deviation of 5–10%.     

Derivatization of Humic Compounds: An Analytical Approach for Bound Organic Residues

Abstract

Bound residues of pesticides and their metabolites are defined as being nonextractable with organic solvents, but partly extractable together with the humic matrix by NaOH or other solvents suitable to extract humic compounds. Recently, an improvement in humus extraction from soils was achieved upon derivatization of the organic matter with silylating reagents at room temperature. By this method 70–90% of the organic carbon or nitrogen either from soil or from humin became soluble in organic solvents. The extracts were analyzed by means of ¹³C NMR-spectroscopy. The spectra were well resolved with signal-separation of less than 1 ppm. The extracted humic compounds were of rather low molecular weight, ranging from 300 to 4000 to 6000 d or more.

¹⁴C-labeled residues of pesticides or other xenobiotics found to be nonextractable after exhaustive organic solvent extraction became readily dissolved along with most of the humic matrix using this derivatization procedure. Between 60–80% of ¹⁴C anilazine residues or of ¹⁴C-labeled chlorinated phenols or anilines originating from both previously solvent extracted soil samples or from humin became solubilized in organic solvents.     

利用有机改性的类水滑石缓释阿维菌素

采用蒸发溶剂促进插层(evaporating solvent enhanced intercalation)的方法把农药阿维菌素(Avermectin, AVM)插层到十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)改性的类水滑石(Hydrotalcite-like compound, HTlc)层间，合成了AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物。研究发现其能够很好的控制阿维菌素的释放，表明AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物是一种很有潜力的农药控释剂型。AVM-SDS-HTlc纳米杂化物的释放受pH、温度和电解质的影响，酸性介质、较高温度以及有电解质存在会提高其缓释速率。释放过程符合准一级释放动力学，释放的活化能为279 kJ/mol。     

酶联免疫吸附分析法测定土壤试样中的阿特拉津

报道一种高灵敏度，高重现性的酶联免疫吸附分析法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对土壤试样中阿特拉津的测定。测定的线性范围为０．０５￣５．０μｇ／Ｌ，由１４条标准曲线求得的最低检出限在０．０１８￣０．２４μｇ／Ｌ之间，线性相关系数ｒ＝０．９９２２。加标土样分别用含水甲醇和含水乙腈提取的效率都接近１００％，提取液用重蒸水１：２００稀释后可消除基质效应和溶剂效应的影响，加标平均回收率为９９．６％。     

仲钨酸盐A柱撑化合物Mg12Al6(OH)36(W7O24)·4H2O的合成及其光催化性能研究

光催化降解水中有机污染物并使之矿化为无机物的技术正在引起众多学者的关注[1～3]. 目前, 两类主要的光催化剂为半导体金属氧簇和多金属氧酸盐簇(POM). 然而, 这两类催化剂在使用过程中都存在着催化剂难以回收的缺点. 将POM嵌入层柱双氢氧化物(LDH)中制备POM柱撑化合物是固载POM的有效途径之一[4]. 均相体系中仲钨酸盐A(W7O6-24)的光化学活性已有研究, 它可使22种卤代烃完全降解和矿化[5]. 本文通过阴离子交换反应制备了水不溶性的仲钨酸盐A柱撑化合物Mg12Al6(OH)36(W7O24)*4H2O(缩为Mg2Al-W7), 所用前躯体为Mg4Al2(OH)12TA*xH2O (简写为Mg2Al-TA, TA2-= 对苯二甲酸根离子). Mg2Al-W7在非均相体系中的光化学行为通过水溶液中有机氯杀虫剂六六六(C6H6Cl6, 用HCH表示)的降解与矿化进行了研究. 据报道, 由于六六六非常稳定和难于降解, 目前农田中仍存在数以千吨计的残留的六六六, 国外文献近期仍在报道TiO2光催化降解六六六的方法[6,7]. 我们的研究表明, Mg2Al-W7对降解及矿化六六六有活性, 且催化剂易于分离回收, 并可用于再循环. 这些特点为Mg2Al-W7光催化降解水中其它有机污染物的研究与应用奠定了基础.     

用手持式农药速测仪酶法现场测定蔬菜中有机磷及氨基甲酸酯农药残毒

检测蔬菜中有机磷类及氨基甲酸酯类农药残留通常采用气相色谱、色谱-质谱联用[1]等方法, 不适应现场快速检测的要求. 关于快速分析方法, 国外主要采用电化学酶传感器法[2], 还有微孔板酶标仪法[3]. 前者存在电极易受污染且需再生处理的麻烦; 后者难以实现现场检测. 国内报道的有酶抑制光度法[4]、单点目视比色法及速测卡法等, 其中目视比色法和速测卡法虽然具有操作简便等优点, 但由于实验误差较大, 灵敏度较低, 只能作为定性分析. 本文在前期工作的基础上[5,6], 研制了一种体积小(140 mm×70 mm×30 mm)、重量轻(整机180 g)、能耗低(电池可连续使用50 h)且现场实用的手持式农药残毒速测仪, 开发了专用试剂包并建立了蔬菜中有机磷类及氨基甲酸酯类农药残毒的现场分析方法, 对6种蔬菜及速冻玉米样品进行了实际检测, 并与GC-MS方法[1]进行了对照, 结果令人满意.