Influence of Hydrogen Peroxide on Disinfection and Soil Removal during Low-Temperature Household Laundry

In the Water, Energy and Waste Directive, the European Commission provides for the use of household washing programmes with lower temperatures (30–40 °C) and lower water consumption. However, low washing temperatures and the absence of oxidising agents in the liquid detergents, and their reduced content in powder detergents, allow biofilm formation in washing machines and the development of an unpleasant odour, while the washed laundry can become a carrier of pathogenic bacteria, posing a risk to human health. The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of hydrogen peroxide (HP) to liquid detergents in low-temperature household washing allows disinfection of the laundry without affecting the properties of the washed textiles even after several consecutive washes. Fabrics of different colours and of different raw material compositions were repeatedly washed in a household washing machine using a liquid detergent with the addition of 3% stabilised HP solution in the main wash, prewash or rinse. The results of the antimicrobial activity, soil removal activity, colour change and tensile strength confirmed the excellent disinfection activity of the 3% HP, but only if added in the main wash. Its presence did not discolour nor affect the tensile strength of the laundry, thus maintaining its overall appearance.     

CO2 Laser-Induced Graphene with an Appropriate Oxygen Species as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Peroxide Synthesis

Oxygen species functionalized graphene (O−G) is an effective electrocatalyst for electrochemically synthesizing hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by a 2 e⁻ oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The type of oxygen species and degree of carbon crystallinity in O−G are two key factors for the high catalytic performance of the 2 e⁻ ORR. However, the general preparing method of O−G by the precursor of graphite has the disadvantages of consuming massive strong oxidant and washing water. Herein, the biomass-based graphene with tunable oxygen species is rapidly fabricated by a CO₂ laser. In a flow cell setup, the laser-induced graphene (LIG) with abundant active oxygen species and graphene structure shows high catalytic performance including high Faraday efficiency (over 78 %) and high mass activity (814 mmolg_catalyst⁻¹ h⁻¹), superior to most of the reported carbon-based electrocatalysts. Density function theory demonstrates the meta-C atoms at nearby C−O, O−C=O species are the key catalytic sites. Therefore, we develop one facile method to rapidly convert biomass to graphene electrocatalyst used for H₂O₂ synthesis.     

Fe-ZIF8 Coating Cu Foil Derived Carbon as A pH-Universal Electrocatalyst for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction

It is a great challenge to fabricate highly efficient pH-universal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, a facile strategy, which includes coating the Fe modified ZIF8 on Cu foil and in situ pyrolysis to evaporate and dope Cu into the MOF derived carbon, is developed to fabricate Fe/Cu−N co-doped carbon material (Cu/Fe−NC). Profiting from the modulated electron distribution and textual properties, well-designed Cu/Fe−NC exhibits superior half-wave potential (E_1/2) of 0.923 V in alkaline, 0.757 V in neutral and comparable 0.801 V in acid electrolytes, respectively. Furthermore, the ultralow peroxides yield of ORR demonstrates the high selectivity of Cu/Fe−NC in full pH scale electrolytes. As expected, the self-made alkaline and neutral zinc-air batteries equipped with Cu/Fe−NC cathode display excellent discharge voltages, outstanding peak power densities and remarkable stability. This work opens a new way to fabricate highly efficient and pH-universal electrocatalysts for ORR through strategy of Fe/Cu−N co-doping, Cu foil evaporation and carbon defects capture.     

1-己烯环氧化合成1,2-环氧己烷研究进展

1,2-环氧己烷是一种具有高附加值的有机化工中间体,广泛应用于聚醚多元醇、非离子表面活性剂和破乳剂等的合成。本文比较了不同氧化体系下1-己烯合成1,2-环氧己烷的反应历程及优缺点,重点介绍了近年来不同1-己烯环氧化催化体系方面的研究进展,包括钛硅分子筛、金属配合物、多金属氧酸盐、金属氧化物、光催化剂、生物催化剂等。指出以过氧化氢/烷基过氧化物为氧化剂的环氧化反应路线是目前最具工业化应用前景的环境友好路线,开发高效稳定的催化剂是未来研究的重点。     

Transition Metal Catalysts Bearing Multidentate Ligands for Efficient and Environmental Benign Oxidations by H2O2

In this perspective, two different classes of multidentate ligands (aminotriphenolate and dipyridinimine) and the corresponding metal (Ti, V, Mo, W, Fe) complexes are described. These catalysts can activate efficiently the environmental benign H₂O₂ oxidant, promoting a wide variety of oxidative processes (sulfoxidations, N-oxidations, epoxidations, haloperoxidation, alcohol oxidation, hydroxylation).     

Sono-enhanced degradation of dye pollutants with the use of H2O2 activated by Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as peroxidase mimetic

Sono-enhanced degradation of a dye pollutant Rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated by using H₂O₂ as a green oxidant and Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a peroxidase mimetic. It was found that Fe₃O₄ MNPs could catalyze the break of H₂O₂ to remove RhB in a wide pH range from 3.0 to 9.0 and its peroxidase-like activity was significantly enhanced by the ultrasound irradiation. At pH 5.0 and temperature 55 °C, the ultrasound-assisted H₂O₂–Fe₃O₄ catalysis removed about 95% of RhB (0.02 mmol L⁻¹) in 15 min with a apparent rate constant of 0.15 min⁻¹ for the degradation of RhB, being 6.5 and 37.6 folds of that in the simple catalytic H₂O₂–Fe₃O₄ system, and the simple ultrasonic US-H₂O₂ systems, respectively. The beneficial synergistic behavior between Fe₃O₄ catalysis and ultrasonic was demonstrated to be dependent on Fe₃O₄ dosage, H₂O₂ concentration, pH value and temperature. As a tentative explanation, the observed significant synergistic effects was attributed to the positive interaction between cavitation effect accelerating the catalytic breakdown of H₂O₂ over Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and the function of Fe₃O₄ MNPs providing more nucleation sites for the cavitation inception.     

平行催化氢波法测定双氯酚酸钾

双氯酚酸钾(d iclofenac potassium,DK),化学名称为[邻-(2,6-二氯苯胺)]苯乙酸钾(见图1),是图1双氯酚酸钾结构式F ig·1 Structural formu la ofd ic lofenac potassium一种有效的非甾体抗炎药物,具有显著的消炎、镇痛及解热作用,广泛地用于风湿性或类风湿性关节炎和其它关节疾     

Rubber magnets based on NBR and lithium ferrite with the ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation

Rubber magnetic composites were prepared through the incorporation of magnetic soft lithium ferrite into acrylonitrile butadiene rubber. Standard sulfur‐based curing and peroxide curing systems were used for cross‐linking of rubber matrices. The experimental part was focused on the investigation of ferrite content and curing system composition on cross‐link density, physical‐mechanical, magnetic and shielding characteristics of composites. The results demonstrated that cross‐link density and physical‐mechanical properties of composites can be modified by both the amount of ferrite and composition of the curing system. The influence of curing systems on magnetic properties was negligible. It can be stated that the application of lithium ferrite to rubber matrix leads to the preparation of rubber composites with the ability to efficiently absorb harmful electromagnetic radiation in the tested frequency range. The shielding efficiency of composites increased with increasing content of magnetic filler.     

过氧化氢生产工艺进展

生产过氧化氢通常有电解法、蒽醌法、异丙醇法以及氧阴极还原法等.目前全世界总产量的95%以及国内总产量的99%的过氧化氢都是采用蒽醌法生产的.在更先进的生产过氧化氢的技术出现之前,蒽醌法仍将是今后一段时期生产过氧化氢最普遍的一种方法.蒽醌加氢工艺有固定床和浆态床两种,国内仍采用较为落后的固定床工艺,而国外基本都采用浆态床工艺.固定床存在床层温升大、易偏流、有局部热点等缺陷,易导致蒽醌过度加氢,降解物种类和数量增多,降低了催化剂稳定性,限制了加氢单元的氢效,生产装置难以大型化.而浆态床工艺具有传质传热好、温度和气液固三相分布均匀等优势,是过氧化氢生产技术的发展趋势.浆态床反应器对催化剂的选择性具有更高的要求.因此,浆态床加氢技术的研发核心是开发兼有耐磨性和高选择性的微球催化剂.中国石化自主开发了具有高活性、高选择性和良好稳定性的蒽醌加氢微球催化剂,并对其活性和选择性进行了寿命试验和中试评价.中试结束后结粒度分布基本保持不变;载体水热稳定性好,使用过程结构没有发生明显变化.证明该催化剂机械强度高、耐磨性能好,能够满足浆态床使用要求.在新生产工艺中采用自主开发的新型浆态床反应器,具有优异的传质、传热效率;催化剂粒径小,完全克服了固定床反应器在规模稍大时存在的偏流、沟流、触媒板结等缺点,氢化效率可长期稳定在11 g/L以上;副反应少,氢化降解物大幅度减少,极大地减轻后续降解物再生负担.在实际工业生产中,蒽醌加氢选择性无法实现100%,因此工作液中难以避免生成降解物,通常采用白土再生手段,使其再转变为蒽醌.但再生剂更换频繁,大大增加了生产成本,同时损失被物理吸附上去的昂贵的蒽醌.因此,十分有必要对蒽醌加氢的降解物种类进行定性识别并研究其再生机理,并在此基础上开发兼有长寿命和高活性的蒽醌降解物再生催化剂.中国石化采用GC-MS对乙基蒽醌和戊基蒽醌多种降解物进行比较全面的定性和定量研究,通过分析蒽醌工作液组成准确推测工作液再生效果,便于及时调整双氧水生产工艺工艺流程和优化参数;并自主开发高性能的蒽醌加氢降解物再生催化剂,可替代现有效率低下的白土床,显著提高装置经济性.为有效解决蒽醌法生产中氧化废气的排放问题,中国石化发明一种无尾气排放、无需溶剂回收、氧含量可控、可减少氧化残液量的蒽醌法生产过氧化氢的氧化方法,从源头上解决蒽醌法生产双氧水装置的最大环保问题,它的应用将使蒽醌法生产双氧水装置朝着绿色环保迈出一大步.目前蒽醌法生产H2O2虽然具有技术成熟、单程产率高、安全性高等优点,依旧存在投资高、工艺流程复杂,以及大量使用有机溶剂带来的产品污染、环境污染问题.与其相比,H2和O2直接合成H2O2(以下称为DSHP)技术的原子经济性高,并且污染少、环境友好.但由于反应过程中H2和O2直接接触,DSHP工艺存在一定的安全隐患.在反应过程中需要充入大量惰性气体稀释并循环,导致DSHP工艺效率低,操作及控制难度大.该反应所使用的Pd基催化剂,既有利于H2O2的生成,也利于三个副反应的发生:H2O的生成、H2O2的后续加氢及分解,导致产品选择性和产率较低.加入酸和卤素等稳定剂虽然可以显著提高产率,但存在设备腐蚀、催化剂活性组分流失等问题,严重影响催化剂的使用寿命.中国石化目前已经开始布局研发DSHP技术,在提高H2/O2反应的本质安全性、研发H2O2精准合成的催化材料和提高H2O2产能等方面做了大量的研究.可以预见,通过理论研究、实验设计和工程开发相结合,在不远的未来能够实现DHSP技术的工业应用.目前国内双氧水几乎全部采用蒽醌法生产.虽然蒽醌法工艺已很成熟,但在多个技术环节,特别是蒽醌加氢催化剂、工作液体系、加氢反应器和环保等方面,存在非常大改进提升的空间.这些问题是实现装置大型化必须解决的.中国石化在这几个方面都自主开发了创新技术,形成了国内全新的拥有自主知识产权的生产过氧化氢的成套技术.作为最直接、最环保、最经济的生产过氧化氢的方法,氢氧直接合成技术与化工反应过程耦合,是未来过氧化氢生产和应用的发展方向,中国石化也已经开始在此方面进行研究和布局.