Synthesis of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic High Surface Area Xerogels at pHs Below Silica Iso-electric Point

The synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic high surface area (up to 1087 m²/cc) silica xerogels at pHs below 2 is demonstrated in this work. High surface area xerogels exhibit extremely fine microstructural features and fast gelation times (less than one hour). Contrary to conventional generalization that xerogels synthesized at low pH are polymeric, it is demonstrated that particulate xerogels can also be synthesized at pHs below 2. These xerogels are synthesized by the addition of large amounts of NH₄OH and have relatively lower surface areas. The particulate nature of these xerogels is indicated by their opacity and from their coarse microstructural features as observed by TEM.     

Method comparison study on soot-selective techniques

In a long-term field study at two locations with different air pollution levels several soot-selective measurement techniques were compared with a thermochemical method which measures non-extractable carbon (NEC) detecting the evolved CO₂ by means of coulometric titration. The attenuation measurement technique (aethalometer) and the aerosol photoemission method showed good correlations to NEC for concentrations ranging from 1.6g/m³ to 40.8g/m³. The specific mass absorption coefficient of black carbon with respect to NEC varied between 8.4m²/g and 13.7m²/g with respect to the measurement sites, but the value was found to remain constant at each site independent of seasonal or meteorological variations. The ratio of photoelectric signal to NEC varied between 16 fA·(g/m³)^–1 and 33 fA·(g/m³)^–1 depending on the age of the aerosol. The diurnal variations of that ratio showed strong similarities to the traffic patterns. Additionally a slight temperature dependence of this ratio was found for the aged aerosol with a proportionality factor of – 0.35 fA·(K·g/m³)^–1. With the reflectance measurement technique (smoke shade method) reliable NEC determination was not possible for NEC concentrations 5 g/m³.     

A distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method for flows around moving rigid bodies: Application to particulate flow

This article discusses the application of a Lagrange multiplier‐based fictitious domain method to the numerical simulation of incompressible viscous flow modeled by the Navier–Stokes equations around moving rigid bodies; the rigid body motions are due to hydrodynamical forces and gravity. The solution method combines finite element approximations, time discretization by operator splitting and conjugate gradient algorithms for the solution of the linearly constrained quadratic minimization problems coming from the splitting method. The study concludes with the presentation of numerical results concerning four test problems, namely the simulation of an incompressible viscous flow around a NACA0012 airfoil with a fixed center but free to rotate, then the sedimentation of 200 and 1008 cylinders in a two‐dimensional channel, and finally the sedimentation of two spherical balls in a rectangular cylinder. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating the Potential for Smoke from Stubble Burning to Taint Grapes and Wine

It has been well established that bushfire/wildfire smoke can taint grapes (and therefore wine), depending on the timing and duration of exposure, but the risk of smoke contamination from stubble burning (a practice employed by some grain growers to prepare farmland for sowing) has not yet been established. This study exposed excised bunches of grapes to smoke from combustion of barley straw and pea stubble windrows to investigate the potential for stubble burning to elicit smoke taint. Increased levels of volatile phenols (i.e., chemical markers of smoke taint) were detected in grapes exposed to barley straw smoke (relative to control grapes), with smoke density and the duration of smoke exposure influencing grape volatile phenols. However, the sensory panel did not perceive wine made from grapes exposed to low-density smoke to be tainted, despite the presence of low levels of syringol providing compositional evidence of smoke exposure. During the pea stubble burn, grapes positioned amongst the burning windrows or on the edge of the pea paddock were exposed to smoke for ~15–20 and 30–45 min, respectively, but this only resulted in 1 µg/kg differences in the cresol and/or syringol concentrations of smoke-affected grapes (and 1 µg/L differences for wine), relative to controls. A small, but significant increase in the intensity of smoke aroma and burnt rubber flavor of wine made from the grapes positioned amongst the burning pea stubble windrows provided the only sensory evidence of any smoke taint. As such, had vineyards been located immediately downwind from the pea stubble burn, it is unlikely that there would have been any smoke contamination of unharvested grapes.     

Preparation of Porous Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Structures

Porous poly(ε‐caprolactone) structures have been prepared by leaching of compression moulded salt‐containing polymer precipitates. Coagulation takes place when a PCL solution containing dispersed water‐soluble salt particles is precipitated into an excess of non‐solvent. Porous scaffolds are obtained after leaching of the compression moulded polymer‐salt precipitate. This process yields scaffolds with a very homogeneous pore morphology and independent control of pore size and porosity.     

探讨二元颗粒混合物取样误差的新的数学模型

采用新的数学模型研究二元颗粒混合物的取样误差,首次提出了取样的逻辑质量单元的理论,探讨了逻辑质量单元的物理意义,建立了按质量取样的标准偏差的计算公式.应用颗粒药品二元混合物的取样实验,证实了该公式的正确性.     

自然水体悬浮颗粒物中主要化学组分对铅、铜的吸附作用——实验室模拟吸附特征与水环境中富集特征的比较

利用主要组分萃取-吸附-统计分析方法研究了自然水体悬浮颗粒物样品中主要化学组分对铅、铜的吸附特征, 并采用天然悬浮颗粒物样品直接萃取的方法研究了实际水环境中悬浮颗粒物样品各组分对重金属的富集特征, 通过二者对比进一步研究了悬浮颗粒物中主要化学组分在铅、铜吸附中的作用. 结果表明, 悬浮颗粒物样品中各组分的吸附特征与富集特征具有较好的可比性, 铅主要与颗粒物中的铁氧化物相结合, 铜则主要与有机质相结合.     

Particle Emission from Welding of Painted Steel

The particulate emission caused by welding of steel plates covered with 29 diversified shop primers has been investigated. The investigation includes the determination of particle mass, particle size distribution, and of the contents of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. The results show that all investigated primers except those with high concentration of zinc pigment produce mass emissions which are very low in comparison to manual arc welding with covered electrode and CO₂-welding on uncoated steel. The emitted particles of the primers are smaller than 1 μm particle diameter and therefore respirable. Lead and cadmium was found in particles emitted during the welding process of all investigated primers. The highest amount was found in particles of primers with high contents of zinc and ferric oxide.     

颗粒离散元法研究进展

回顾了颗粒离散元法(DEM)的发展过程.综述了该方法的理论和各种颗粒作用模型，包括各种实用的干颗粒 DEM模型和研究中的湿颗粒建模的进展；介绍了国内外颗粒离散元法模拟的成就以及离散元法与其他数值方法结合的扩展性研究的进展.最后指出了存在的问题，并对发展动向进行了预测.     

颗粒增强复合材料中微观热应力和残余应力分析

运用空间配位体密堆模型和球对称分析单元，分析计算了颗粒增强复合材料经历温度变化后产生的微观热应力和残余应力。分析结果表明，温度升高时界面产生径向张应力，降温时产生压应力。存在一个基体开始发生塑性变形的临界温差ｔ＿ｐ，其值随增强体体积分数Ｖ＿ｐ增加而降低。除组元间热膨胀系数差和弹性常数外，基体材料本构关系和屈服强度对热应力和残余应力均有很大影响。随Ｖ＿ｐ增加，微观应力和水静宏观应力幅值上升。但粒子周围塑性区尺寸近似与Ｖ＿ｐ无关。给出了不同变温条件下残余应力的确定方法。