大气颗粒物中砷及其形态的研究进展

大气颗粒物中毒性准金属元素砷及其形态含量变化引起的环境健康问题受到了广泛关注。由于工业生产和煤燃烧等人类活动,砷普遍存在于多种环境介质中。排放到大气中的砷能够随气流进行长距离迁移,致使一些偏远区域大气中的砷含量明显超出欧盟的限制标准(6 ng/m3)。砷的毒性表达很大程度依赖其存在种态,无机砷毒性大于有机砷,且砷(Ⅲ)的毒性明显强于砷(Ⅴ)。本文概述了大气中砷的来源,并选取自2000年来的代表性成果比较了不同国家及不同功能区大气砷的含量变化,同时对1975年来多数关于大气颗粒物中砷形态变化特征的研究进行了评述。     

Changes in Intestinal Permeability Ex Vivo and Immune Cell Activation by Three Commonly Used Emulsifiers

Food additives such as emulsifiers are used in increasing quantities in the food industry. The aim of this study was to compare three different emulsifiers (polysorbate 80 (P80), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and β-lactoglobulin (β-lac) with regards to their effect on the stimulation of immune cells and intestinal permeability. The immune stimulatory effects were studied in the myeloid cell line MUTZ-3-cells, while the change in intestinal permeability was studied in the Caco-2 cell line and ex vivo in the Ussing chamber system using small intestinal fragments from rats. The tested concentrations of the emulsifiers ranged from 0.02% up to 1%, which are concentrations commonly used in the food industry. The results showed that P80 affected both the myeloid cells and the intestinal permeability more than CMC (p < 0.05) and β-lac (p < 0.05) at the highest concentration. CMC was found to neither affect the permeability in the intestine nor the MUTZ-3 cells, while β-lac changed the permeability in the total part of the small intestine in rats. These findings indicate that P80 might be more cytotoxic compared to the other two emulsifiers.     

支化型交替聚(苯乙烯-alt-马来酸酐)自组装胶束的制备及其乳化性能

利用支化型交替聚(苯乙烯-alt-马来酸酐)(BPSMA)在选择性溶剂DMF-H_2O中自组装制备球形胶束,以该胶束作为新型颗粒乳化剂稳定油-水体系,探讨胶束浓度和pH对BPSMA胶束乳化性能的影响。用紫外分光光度计(UV-Vis)追踪了聚合物溶液自组装过程;粒径及Zeta电位分析仪和透射电子显微镜(TEM)表征了BPSMA胶束的基本性质;利用光学显微镜分析了乳液性质,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了胶束在固化后的油滴表面的形貌。结果表明:BPSMA胶束具有优异的乳化效率,在极低的质量浓度下(0.25~1.00 mg/mL)亦可长期稳定乳液;BPSMA胶束所稳定的乳液具有明显的pH响应性,当pH≤6时,胶束呈球形颗粒状吸附并稳定于油水界面,当pH6时,胶束从油水界面脱离,乳液破乳;此外,BPSMA胶束作为颗粒乳化剂还具备良好的普适性,可以长效稳定碳酸二辛脂、辛酸丙基庚酯、硅油、棕榈酸异辛酯和润肤油脂等。     

石墨探针采集／石墨探针炉原子吸收法直接测定APM中痕量铟

采用一定气孔性的石墨探针直接收集大气微粒物质（ＡＰＭ），然后，立即采用石墨探针炉原子吸收法测定收集在探针上的ＡＰＭ中痕量烟。方法准确，灵敏，简便，快速。在０－５０ｎｇ／ｍｌ范围内，铟的浓度与峰面积吸光度呈良好的线性关系。铟的浓度大于３００ｎｇ／ｍｌ时，产生记忆效应。铟的特征量为４．８ｐｇ，检测限为２１．５ｐｇ。分析标准参比材料，铟的回收率为９２．４－１０８．４％，相对标准偏差为８．１％。     

Molecular design of multicomponent polymer systems XIX: Stability of cocontinuous phase morphologies in low-density polyethylene–polystyrene blends emulsified by block copolymers

Polyethylene–polystyrene blends containing small amounts of polyethylene (20 wt %) display a cocontinuous phase morphology that is very unstable in the absence of an emulsifier. The kinetics of coalescence at high temperature is therefore very sensitive to differences in the interfacial activity of added polymeric emulsifiers. The morphology of blends added with a pure or a tapered hydrogenated polybutadiene-b-polystyrene block copolymer is investigated as a function of annealing time at 180°C. Various image treatments (standard granulometry, opening size granulometry distribution, and multiscaling analysis) were used to quantify the morphological evolution of these blends. The results clearly demonstrate that the tapered block copolymer is definitely more efficient than the corresponding pure diblock for stabilizing the cocontinuous structure of these blends. The differential behavior is assumed to results from differences in the tendency of the two copolymers to segregate and form their own domains. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Remarks on the detection of aza arenes in airborne particulates

Summary Suspended particulate matter sampled in the ambient air of Duisburg was investigated for the content of aza heterocyclic compounds. The loaded filters were extracted for 10 hours in a soxhlet apparatus. The concentrated extract was shaken with diluted sulphuric acid. The aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 12 with potassium hydroxide and then extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was transfered into cyclohexane and columned on alumina. The separated fraction was then examined by means of GC/MS. Quinoline, benzoquinoline, acridine and some of their alkyl derivates as well as azapyrene/fluoranthene were identified, whereas benzo- and dibenzoacridine could not be detected.     

石墨探针采集／原子吸收法测定大气微粒物质中痕量锰

大气微粒物质（APM）中痕量有害元素的含量是世界各国大气污染监测的主要分析项目之一［‘j．人体长期吸入含锰的烟尘，可引起慢性锰中毒［‘j．多孔的电石墨对于APM是理想的过滤材料，它适于收集亚微米和lum以上的大气微粒物质，并有着很高的收集效率［’‘．本文采用一定规格的石墨探针直接过滤收集APM，然后立即用石墨探针炉原子吸收光谱法测定收集在探针上的APM中痕量锰，这种直接固体进样技术，省去了常规滤膜法收集后冗长的样品化学前处理过程，避免了样品的泊污及分析物的损失．此采集／分析系统准确、灵敏、快捷、简便，采用此…     

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometric determination of trace element in PM10 airborne particulate matter collected in an industrial area of Argentina

Trace metals of relevance from the environmental and toxicological point of view were quantified in the city of Campana, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The collection of particulate matter was performed on ash-free fiber glass filters using high-volume samplers with a PM₁₀ sampling head, during a 3-month period in 2002. An acid leaching of elements deposited on the filters was adopted paying special attention to the recovery of volatile elements. Analysis was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) to ascertain the concentrations of 12 key elements, namely, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V and Zn. The validation of the procedure was performed by the analysis of the standard reference material NIST 1648, urban particulate matter, and good agreement between concentrations found and the reported certified values was achieved. Blank filters were spiked with the analytes investigated and the recoveries varied between 83% and 92%. Metal concentrations spanned the range 0.03 ng m⁻³ (equivalent to 0.42 μg g⁻¹) for Cd to 1.9 μg m⁻³ (equivalent to 29.7 mg g⁻¹) for Fe. The results obtained show that the pollutants of special environmental and health concern are As and Pb. Mean As concentration was higher than the guideline value associated with an excess cancer risk of 1:10⁻⁶, reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Lead is the only element that showed higher concentrations than those recently measured in the large and heavily trafficked metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. Cadmium>Pb>As>Zn>Cu are the elements more enriched in airborne PM₁₀.     

LaBO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物同时消除柴油机尾气炭颗粒和NO

采用柠檬酸络合燃烧法制备了LaBO3(B=V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu)复合氧化物.采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱、氢程序升温还原及扫描电镜等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并对其在同时消除柴油机尾气中炭颗粒和NO反应中的催化活性进行了评价.结果表明,在制备的七种复合氧化物中,除La-V-O和La-Cu-O外,均形成钙钛矿结构.LaBO3钙钛矿型氧化物氧化能力由强到弱的顺序为LaCoO3≈LaNiO3>LaMnO3>LaFeO3>LaCrO3,在同时消除炭颗粒和NO的催化反应中,钙钛矿复合氧化物催化剂的催化活性与其氧化能力直接相关.其中LaCoO3和LaNiO3样品对炭颗粒的氧化催化活性较好,在炭颗粒与催化剂松散接触的条件下,炭颗粒燃烧温度较低,分别为421和431℃,生成CO2的最大选择性高,分别为99.1%和99.7%,NO生成N2的转化率分别为17.2%和20.1%.