Open tubular columns: The influence of changing the liquid phase film thickness on column efficiency

Summary The factors characterizing the influence of the variation of the liquid phase film thickness on the mass transfer terms in the Golay equations describing the performance of open tubular columns are investigated and numerical values are given.Paper dedicated to Professor S. R. Lipsky on his sixtieth birthday.     

Development of Enzyme Biosensor Based on ISFETs for Quantitative Analysis of Serine Proteinases

A new potentiometric biosensor allowing quantitative determination of the proteinases through their esterase activity has been developed. The biosensor, specific for ester artificial substrates of serine proteinases has been fabricated using a pH‐sensitive field effect transistor (pH‐FET) and an immobilized complex of trypsin and α₂‐macroglobulin. It has been shown that created biosensor is able to determine the activity of the soluble trypsin in the range of 0.1–30 U/mL (substrate BAEE). The relative standard deviation for the trypsin determination was approximately 3%. The operation stability of the biosensor was no less than 12 h (40 measurements). The response of the biosensor stored at +4 °C was stable for 30 days.     

Time-resolved pH jump study of photochemical cleavage and release of carboxylic acids from α-keto amides

Time-resolved pH jump experiments, using laser flash photolysis and bromocresol green as an indicator, showed that photochemical cleavage and release of carboxylic acids from various α-keto amides derivatives in aqueous media occurs on the microsecond timescale (18-136 μs), depending on carboxylate leaving group ability.     

Influence of adsorption orientation of methyl orange on silver colloids by Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy: pH effect

This work seeks to characterize the UV–Vis absorption, SRES and fluorescence of methyl orange (MO) on silver colloids at different pH. The gradual changes of SERS signals indicate differing adsorption orientations of dyes on silver surface when pH changed and thus, results in different energy transfer efficiencies, i.e., the fluorescence quenching at 428 nm and synchronous enhancement at 560 nm changed gradually with pH increased by step-up. Both experimental evidence and theoretic analysis indicate that, different molecular structures and differing adsorption orientations of dyes on silver surface were existence when pH changed, and thereat caused the diverse spectral phenomena.     

Applicability of 0.05 mol kg potassium hydrogen phthalate as reference value pH standard in water–organic solvent mixtures

The applicability of 0.05 mol kg⁻¹ potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHPh(S), S=the solvent under study) as reference value pH standard (RVS) was studied in water–organic solvent mixtures. Phthalic acid in various aqueous organic solvent mixtures was titrated potentiometrically with Bu₄NOH (MeOH), using a pH-ISFET and a glass electrode as pH-sensors, and the buffer capacity of the HPh⁻ solution was roughly estimated from the difference between the first and second half-neutralization potentials. The influence of potassium ion to the buffer capacity was also studied, titrating KHPh and Et₄NHPh with CF₃SO₃H and Bu₄NOH (MeOH) and comparing the titration curves. The KHPh solution loses its buffer capacity if the solvent mixture has an aprotic property. For aqueous mixtures of protophilic aprotic solvents (e.g. DMSO and DMF), it is unsuitable as RVS if the water content is less than ca. 40 (v/v)%. The necessity of selecting subsidiary pH standard(s) is suggested for the solvent systems in which KHPh is inapplicable.     

一种新型酸度标准装置

介绍了新型酸度标准装置的结构特点及各部分的工作原理。     

厌氧生物处理丙酸产生和积累的原因

丙酸的产生和积累对厌氧生物处理系统有着十分重大的影响, 国内外专家对丙酸产生和积累的原因进行了大量的研究. 通过连续流试验和理论分析, 提出了丙酸产生和积累的生理原因和生态条件, 并证明了较高的氢分压并非是导致丙酸产生的直接原因. 结果表明, 特定的pH和ORP组成是丙酸产生的生态条件, 而NADH/NAD+比率的平衡调节是丙酸产生的生理原因. 同时提出, 采用乙醇型发酵的二相厌氧生物处理工艺是避免丙酸积累的有效措施.     

Highly Reversible Zinc Metal Anode in a Dilute Aqueous Electrolyte Enabled by a pH Buffer Additive

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries have drawn increasing attention due to the intrinsic safety, cost-effectiveness and high energy density. However, parasitic reactions and non-uniform dendrite growth on the Zn anode side impede their application. Herein, a multifunctional additive, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NHP), is introduced to regulate uniform zinc deposition and to suppress side reactions. The results show that the NH₄⁺ tends to be preferably absorbed on the Zn surface to form a “shielding effect” and blocks the direct contact of water with Zn. Moreover, NH₄⁺ and (H₂PO₄)⁻ jointly maintain pH values of the electrode-electrolyte interface. Consequently, the NHP additive enables highly reversible Zn plating/stripping behaviors in Zn//Zn and Zn//Cu cells. Furthermore, the electrochemical performances of Zn//MnO₂ full cells and Zn//active carbon (AC) capacitors are improved. This work provides an efficient and general strategy for modifying Zn plating/stripping behaviors and suppressing side reactions in mild aqueous electrolyte.     

Rate of phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue complex formation in acidic persulfate digested sample matrix for total dissolved phosphorus determination: importance of post-digestion pH adjustment

Acidic persulfate oxidation is one of the most common procedures used to digest dissolved organic phosphorus compounds in water samples for total dissolved phosphorus determination. It has been reported that the rates of phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue complex formation were significantly reduced in the digested sample matrix. This study revealed that the intermediate products of persulfate oxidation, not the slight change in pH, cause the slowdown of color formation. This effect can be remedied by adjusting digested samples pH to a near neural to decompose the intermediate products. No disturbing effects of chlorine on the phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue formation in seawater were observed. It is noted that the modification of mixed reagent recipe cannot provide near neutral pH for the decomposition of the intermediate products of persulfate oxidation. This study provides experimental evidence not only to support the recommendation made in APHA standard methods that the pH of the digested sample must be adjusted to within a narrow range of sample, but also to improve the understanding of role of residue from persulfate decomposition on the subsequent phosphoantimonylmolybdenum blue formation.