Microwave-assisted alkaline digestion combined with microwave-assisted distillation for the determination of iodide and total iodine in edible seaweed by catalytic spectrophotometry

Microwave energy has been novelty applied to speed up a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) alkaline digestion of seaweed samples and to assist distillation of iodine from seaweed alkaline digests. Iodide in the alkaline digests from seaweed and distilled iodine, reduced back to iodine in a hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution, was determined by a catalytic spectrophotometric method based on the catalytic effect of iodide on the oxidation of As(III) by Ce(IV) in H₂SO₄/HCl medium (Sandell-Kolthoff reaction). The determination of iodide was directly performed in the alkaline digests, while total iodine was assessed by analyzing the hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution after the distillation process. Microwave-assisted alkaline digestion was performed using 7.5 mL of TMAH and irradiating samples at 670 W for two 5.5 min steps. Microwave-assisted distillation was carried out using 4.0 mL of the alkaline digest and 3 mL of a 2.2 M hydrochloric acid and 0.05% (m/v) sodium nitrite solution, with a microwave power at 670 W for two 90 s steps. The distillate (iodine vapor) was bubbled in 10 mL of a 500 μg mL⁻¹ hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution (accepting solution). The linear calibration ranges were 0.30-20.0 and 0.40-20.0 μg L⁻¹ for iodide determination and total iodine determination, respectively. The limit of detection was 9.2 μg g⁻¹ for iodide and 28.5 μg g⁻¹ for total iodine. Repeatability of the overall procedures, expressed as R.S.D. for 11 determinations, was 2.6% for 196.3 μg g⁻¹ of iodide measured after microwave-assisted alkaline digestion, and 5.8% for 954.3 μg g⁻¹ of total iodine by microwave-assisted alkaline digestion followed by microwave-assisted distillation. Finally, accuracy of the methods was assessed by analyzing the NIST-09 (Sargasso) certified reference material and the methods were applied to the determination of iodide and total iodine in different Atlantic edible seaweed samples with satisfactory results.     

甘油对白酒中甲醇含量测定的影响

应用水浴控温(<90℃)蒸馏,可消除化学比色法测定白酒中甲醇含量时甘油的干扰,效果良好。     

Toward a Comparison of Classical and New Privacy Mechanism

In the last decades, the development of interconnectivity, pervasive systems, citizen sensors, and Big Data technologies allowed us to gather many data from different sources worldwide. This phenomenon has raised privacy concerns around the globe, compelling states to enforce data protection laws. In parallel, privacy-enhancing techniques have emerged to meet regulation requirements allowing companies and researchers to exploit individual data in a privacy-aware way. Thus, data curators need to find the most suitable algorithms to meet a required trade-off between utility and privacy. This crucial task could take a lot of time since there is a lack of benchmarks on privacy techniques. To fill this gap, we compare classical approaches of privacy techniques like Statistical Disclosure Control and Differential Privacy techniques to more recent techniques such as Generative Adversarial Networks and Machine Learning Copies using an entire commercial database in the current effort. The obtained results allow us to show the evolution of privacy techniques and depict new uses of the privacy-aware Machine Learning techniques.     

Short-cut distillation columns based on orthogonal polynomials of a discrete variable

Increasing competition in the process industries enforces theapplication of mathematical simulation techniques both in thedesign phase and in the operating phase of a plant. A basicapparatus for separation processes is the distillation column.Its rigorous (tray by tray) mathematical modelling results ina system of simultaneous nonlinear equations (algebraic in thesteady-state case, differential-algebraic in the dynamic case).For high (and realistic) numbers of trays and components, thesesystems may become rather large (thousands of equations). Inaddition, realistic plant models often include several distillationcolumns. As a consequence, the numerical solution of these modelsmay become difficult and time-consuming. This has led to attemptsto model the distillation columns less rigorously with the aimof achieving a considerable reduction in the number of equations.The name shortcut distillation columns is common for modelsof this type. The present paper uses a discrete weighted residualmethod for the development of short-cut models. It suggestsa Galerkin method based on orthogonal polynomials in a discretevariable: the tray number. It is a remarkable advantage of thistechnique that even very coarse models satisfy all global balancesexactly.     

Paçäeëeèèe èçotoèob kèeëopoäa pekthÔèkaèèeіі Moëekóëÿphoão kèeëopoäa

Es wurde eine Laboreinrichtung zur kontiniuerlichen Aktivierungsanalyse strömender, Flüssigkeiten entworfen und gebaut. Die Einrichtung bestecht aus dem Vorratsbehälter für die Probelösung, der Aktivierungskammer, einer Pu-Be-Neutronenquelle, der Meβkammer, der Meβeinrichtung, einer Laborpumpe und einem Strömungsmesser. Die vorläufigen Versuche bewiesen, daβ mit der gebauten Einrichtung die Bestimmung von Vanadium, Silber and Kobalt möglich ist.     

进化规划动态寻优机理分析

为了从整体上揭示进化规划 ( EP)算法的内在运行机制 ,探寻算法的动态寻优机理 ,本文从种群角度出发 ,建立了一种种群动态寻优微分方程模型 ,并对该模型进行了理论分析 .数值模拟结果说明了所建模型的正确性 ,并得出了一些有意义的结论     

单板机在气轨实验的在线时间测量

在气轨实验中，采用Z80单板机设计单板数字毫秒仪，精确测量在线时间。     

Chaos communication based on synchronization of discrete-time chaotic systems

A novel chaos communication method is proposed based on synchronization of discrete-time chaotic systems. This method uses a full-order state observer to achieve synchronization and secure communication between the transmitter and the receiver. Further, we present a multiple-access chaotic digital communication method by combining the observer with the on-line least square method. Simulation results are also given for illustration.     

摩擦学试验中多个旋转变量的在线测量与记录

本文研究了一种多变量在线测录仪，可用其在定向运转和反复正反变向运转的摩擦学试验中连续测量和记录试样的角速度、方位角、转数和摩擦距离等多个旋转变量的瞬时值，并且通过时间变量的关系，还可以清晰地显示出它们的变化过程和相互关系，基本能够描绘出试样在整个摩擦试验过程中的旋转动态。文章指出，利用这种测录仪还可得出一些间接的信息，如摩擦副的相对滑动量和试验过程中试样摩擦力的变化等。该仪器具有一机多用、所占空间