煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3生成规律的研究

经等密度梯度离心分离，从褐煤、长焰煤、气煤和贫煤四种不同变质程度煤中获得了高纯度的有机显微组分。用石英管式反应器在600 ℃～900 ℃考察了煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3的生成规律。实验结果表明，在显微组分热解过程中HCN主要是挥发分二次裂解的产物。在镜质组热解过程中，煤的变质程度越高，HCN的生成率越低，热解温度越高，HCN的生成率越高；同一种煤三种有机显微组分热解过程中，HCN的生成不仅与显微组分挥发分的质量分数有关，而且与显微组分中氮的存在形态有关，在较低温度热解时吡咯型氮质量分数高的煤样HCN的生成率较高。显微组分热解过程中NH3来自于挥发分的二次热裂解，与焦的热裂解有关，随煤变质程度增高，镜质组热解过程中NH3的收率降低；对同一种煤三种煤岩有机显微组分，由于其黏结性不同，含氮官能团和氢自由基的接触几率不同，生成NH3的能力也不同，惰质组的NH3生成率最高，壳质组最低；温度对NH3的生成也有影响，800 ℃NH3的生成率最高，惰质组NH3的生成率为11.8%，壳质组NH3的生成率为5.2%。     

等离子体放电活化生理盐水杀菌应用研究

等离子体中含有多种活性物种可实现高效安全杀菌,活性物种与生物体相互作用多在水环境下进行.因此等离子体与水的相互作用过程研究掀起了等离子体生物杀菌的新浪潮.本文采用水中阵列放电产生等离子体活化生理盐水,利用所产生的活化生理盐水对大肠杆菌开展了杀菌消毒研究,当等离子体放电时间达到120 s时产生的活化生理盐水与大肠杆菌混合后可使大肠杆菌的存活效率降至0.001%.通过紫外-可见吸收光谱测量及化学氧化还原沉降滴定表明放电电荷及激发态氧化性活性物种与水溶液相互作用,转化为活化生理盐水中长寿命相对稳定存在的H_2O_2和O_3等氧化性物种,与大肠杆菌作用并主导主要杀菌效果.     

环境友好型消毒抗菌剂——二溴海因

二溴海因是一种高效、广谱、低残留的新型环境友好型消毒抗菌剂.介绍了二溴海因的结构、性质、抗菌机理、生产工艺与应用等.     

饮用水消毒副产物及其分析技术

介绍了饮用水中液氯、臭氧、二氧化氯消毒副产物的特性和现状,总结了近年来消毒副产物分析领域中常用的各种样品前处理技术及检测方法,展望了今后研究的发展方向.     

Aus der praxis Einsatz Von Gammabestrahlungsanlagen zur Desinfektion von Baumvollsamen

Einer der notweindigen Produktionsprozesse in Baumwoll-reinigungsbetrieben ist die Desinfektion von Baumwollsamen zur Beseitigung des Gummose-Erregers, der den Baumwollertrag stark vermindert. Die Übertragung dieser Krankheit von Generation zu Generation erfolgt im wesentlichen durch verseuchtes Saatgut, das von den Baumwoll-reinigungsbetrieben gliefert wird. Zur Bekämpfung der Gummose wird in den Werken gegenwärtig ein chemisches Desinfektionsverfahren angewandt. Der Nachteil der chemischen Samenbehandlung besteht in der Schädlichkeit des Desinfektionsprazesses und in der Verseuchung des Bodens mit giftigen Chemikalien.

In diesem Zusammenhang wurde die Möglichkeit der Anwendung von γ-Strahlung zur Baumwollsamen-Entseuchung von Gummose-Erregern untersueht.

Die Versuche wurden an einer reinen Kultur von Gummose-Erregern und an verseuchten Samen der Baumwollsorte S-4727 durchgeführt. Das Probenmaterial wurde in der Gammaanlage “Stebel-3A” (mit ¹³⁷Cs-Strahlenquelle) bestrahlt. Die maximale Strahlendosisleistung in der Arbeitskammer betrug 960 R/min. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der Dosisleistung auf dio Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit der Gummose-Erreger erfolgte parallel die Bestrahlung infizierter Samen mit der Gammaanlage GUP-Co-50 bei einer Dosisleistung von     

Strategies to Improve the Thermo-Oxidative Stability of Sunflower Oil by Exploiting the Antioxidant Potential of Blueberries Processing Byproducts

This research was conducted in order to establish the effectiveness of two freeze-dried extracts obtained from blueberry processing byproducts resulting from juice manufacturing compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in delaying the lipid oxidation of sunflower oil subjected to high-temperature convective heating at 180 °C up to 12 h under simulated frying conditions. The fruits were harvested from spontaneous flora of two regions of Romania, Arieseni (Alba County) and Paltinis (Sibiu County) and the blueberry byproducts extracts (BBE) were noted according to the origin place as ABBE and PBBE. The progress of lipid thermo-oxidation was investigated in terms of peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), the response of TBA-malondialdehyde interactions assessed by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method, the total oxidation (TOTOX) value and inhibition of oil oxidation (IO). The recorded data highlighted that BBE exhibit a high inhibitory response on lipid thermo-oxidation. The inhibitory effect was concentration-dependent, thus, the degree of lipid oxidation was in reverse related to the BBE dose. The exposure of the oil samples supplemented with 800 ppm BBE (ABBE, PBBE) to a high-temperature heating for 12 h led to a significant decrease of the assessed indices compared to additives-free sunflower oil sample as follows: PV (46%; 45%), p-AV (21%; 17%), TOTOX (27%; 24%), TBA value (25%; 11%). Regarding the impact of the origin on the potential of BBE to inhibit the lipid oxidative degradation, it was noted that ABBE derived from blueberries grown in a region with a milder climate with moderate precipitations and higher temperatures showed a stronger inhibitory effect on lipid thermo-oxidation than PBBE. A moderate level of 500 ppm BBE inhibited the lipid oxidation similar to 200 ppm BHT. The reported results reveal that BBE represent efficient natural antioxidants that could be successfully applied to improve the thermo-oxidative stability of sunflower oil used in various high-temperature food applications.     

饮用水新型含氮消毒副产物卤乙酰胺稳定性研究

饮用水氯化消毒工艺向氯胺消毒工艺的转变, 降低了三卤甲烷(THM)和卤乙酸(HAA)等消毒副产物(DBP)的浓度, 但增加了毒性更强的含氮消毒副产物(N-DBP)含量, 卤乙酰胺(HAcAm)便是其中的代表. 本研究结合线性自由能关系(LFER)理论, 考察了HAcAm在不同pH条件下的水解特性, 以及不同氯投加量条件下的氯化特性, 并探讨了HAcAm的水解和氯化反应路径. 结果表明, 在较强的酸性条件下(pH＝4)二氯乙酰胺(DCAcAm)将发生水解反应, pH＝5时DCAcAm较为稳定, 三氯乙酰胺(TCAcAm)在酸性条件下未产生明显的水解现象; 碱性环境中TCAcAm和DCAcAm皆发生明显水解反应, 反应符合一级动力学, 保存DCAcAm和TCAcAm水样时需调pH至5左右. 氯化消毒会产生较高浓度的THM和HAA, 但可能会缩减毒性更强的HAcAm等N-DBP在饮用水中的含量. pH＝10时TCAcAm水解后快速生成三氯乙酸(TCAA); 而对于氯化反应, TCAcAm与HOCl反应生成较为稳定的中间产物Cl-N-TCAcAm, 当HOCl浓度较高时, Cl-N-TCAcAm进一步与HOCl反应生成TCAA.     

Identification of disinfection by‐products of selected triazines in drinking water by LC‐Q‐ToF‐MS/MS and evaluation of their toxicity

During the development of an on‐line solid phase extraction‐liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection (SPE‐LC‐UV) analytical method for determination of eight selected triazines; ametryn, atrazine, cyanazine, metrybuzine, prometryn, propazin, simazine, and terbutryn, in drinking water, it was observed that the retention times of three of them (ametryn, prometryn, and terbutryn) in Milli‐Q water were different from those in chlorinated Milli‐Q water, indicating the formation of new products. The cause of this change was found in the oxidation of the molecules as a result of chlorination with sodium hypochlorite. Experiments performed at varying concentrations of triazines and hypochlorite showed that the extent of the reaction depended on their relative concentrations. At the maximum admissible level of 100 ng/l for individual pesticides in drinking water, no apparent transformation was observed in the absence or at low concentrations (0.05 mg/l) of hypochlorite; however, on increasing the concentration of hypochlorite to the level typically present in drinking water (0.9 mg/l) the transformation was complete. The reaction is quite fast; within 1 h the parent compound is completely degraded and after 22 h the concentrations of the by‐products are constant. Investigation of the by‐products by ultra performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time of flight‐ tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐ToF‐MS/MS) has shown that all three triazines follow a similar transformation pathway, forming four new molecules whose structure have been elucidated. The acute toxicity of the new products was investigated using a standard method based on the bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri, and the by‐products showed a higher toxicity than that of the parent compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical simulation of UV disinfection reactors: Evaluation of alternative turbulence models

Six turbulence models, including standard k–ε, k–ε RNG, k–ω (88), revised k–ω (98), Reynolds stress transport model (RSTM), and two-fluid model (TFM), were applied to the simulation of a closed conduit polychromatic UV reactor. Predicted flow field and turbulent kinetic energy were compared with the experimental data from a digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). All of the predicted flow fields were combined with a multiple segment source summation (MSSS) fluence rate model and three different microbial response kinetic models to simulate the disinfection process at two UV lamp power conditions. Microbial transport was simulated using the Lagrangian particle tracking method. The results show that the fluence distributions and the effluent inactivation levels were sensitive to the turbulence model selection. The level of sensitivity was a function of the operating conditions and the UV response kinetics of the microorganisms. Simulations with operating conditions that produced higher log inactivation or utilized microorganisms with higher UV sensitivity showed greater sensitivity to the turbulence model selection. In addition, a broader fluence distribution was found with turbulence models that predicted a larger wake region behind the lamps.     

Synergistic effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment combined with UV irradiation for secondary effluent disinfection

The ultraviolet (UV) disinfection efficiency is often affected by suspended solids (SS). Given their high concentration or large particle size, SS can scatter UV light and provide shielding for bacteria. Thus, ultrasound is often employed as a pre-treatment process to improve UV disinfection. This work investigated the synergistic effect of ultrasound combined with UV for secondary effluent disinfection. Bench-scale experiments were conducted in using samples obtained from secondary sedimentation tanks. These tanks belonged to three wastewater treatment plants in Beijing that use different kinds of biological treatment methods. Several parameters may contribute to the changes in the efficiency of ultrasound and UV disinfection. Thus, the frequency and energy density of ultrasound, as well as the SS, were investigated. Results demonstrated that samples which have relatively higher SS concentrations or higher percentages of larger particles have less disinfection efficiency using UV disinfection alone. However, the presence of ultrasound could improve the disinfection efficiency because it has synergistic effect. Changes in the particle size distribution and SS concentration notably affected the efficiency of UV disinfection. The efficiency of Escherichia coli elimination can be decreased by 1.2 log units as the SS concentration increases from 16.9 mg/l to 25.4 mg/l at a UV energy density of 40 mJ/cm². UV disinfection alone reduced the E. coli population by 3.4 log units. However, the synergistic disinfection of ultrasound and UV could reach 5.4 log units during the reduction of E. coli at a 40 kHz frequency and an energy density of 2.64 kJ/l. The additional synergistic effect is 1.1 log units.