全文获取类型
收费全文 | 918篇 |
免费 | 178篇 |
国内免费 | 158篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 440篇 |
晶体学 | 8篇 |
力学 | 79篇 |
综合类 | 73篇 |
数学 | 212篇 |
物理学 | 442篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 13篇 |
2022年 | 52篇 |
2021年 | 59篇 |
2020年 | 48篇 |
2019年 | 37篇 |
2018年 | 27篇 |
2017年 | 45篇 |
2016年 | 50篇 |
2015年 | 24篇 |
2014年 | 43篇 |
2013年 | 51篇 |
2012年 | 28篇 |
2011年 | 43篇 |
2010年 | 46篇 |
2009年 | 45篇 |
2008年 | 82篇 |
2007年 | 50篇 |
2006年 | 57篇 |
2005年 | 43篇 |
2004年 | 50篇 |
2003年 | 44篇 |
2002年 | 39篇 |
2001年 | 44篇 |
2000年 | 39篇 |
1999年 | 20篇 |
1998年 | 24篇 |
1997年 | 16篇 |
1996年 | 18篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 12篇 |
1993年 | 17篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 13篇 |
1990年 | 7篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1979年 | 5篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1254条查询结果,搜索用时 8 毫秒
81.
1858年《天津条约》谈判前后,全权问题和钦差驻京成为中英交涉的核心问题,一度成为谈判延宕的症结所在。英方将全权代表额尔金的职衔Plenipotentiary译作“钦差全权大臣”,同时将Resident Minister译作“钦差”,均引发清廷上下极大抵触。18世纪末19世纪初,英方只能妥协接受马戛尔尼和阿美士德的职衔被译作“贡使”;情势翻转后,先是璞鼎查的职衔在第一次鸦片战争时期译为“钦奉全权大臣”,到第二次鸦片战争时期,额尔金的职衔则更进一步译成“钦差全权大臣”。汉译“钦差全权大臣”使得Plenipotentiary的含义生发了显著变化−经过英方在翻译上的操纵,指向了英文的Plenipotentiary + Imperial Commissioner的叠合。英方如此翻译,表面上看是为争取或表明英中两国谈判代表地位上的对等或平行,反映出英方自马戛尔尼访华始追求邦交平等或均势的意图,实际上却创制了新的身份不对等关系,折射出中英实力此消彼长的现实。历时地看,英方追求词语对等努力虽先后遭到乾隆帝和咸丰帝的抵制,但其成果最终经过不平等条约确定与固化下来,使得刚刚开启的中英外交关系陷入了新的不平等境地。中国在由英国人主导的条约外交体系中,陷入了与英国新不平等地位的尴尬境地。 相似文献
82.
The First Diniobate with ‘Isolated’ Anions: KLi4[NbO5]=K2Li8[Nb2O10] [1] . By heating of well ground mixtures of the binary oxides [K2O, Li2O, Nb2O5, K:Li:Nb=1.1:4.4:1, Pt-tube, 1100°C, 3d] colourless, triclinic single crystals of KLi4NbO5 have been prepared for the first time: space group P1 (Nr. 2) with a=816.9(2) pm, b=592.2(2) pm, c=589.7(2) pm, α=121.00(2)º, β=91.78(2)°, γ=99.23(2)°, Z=2. The crystal structure was solved by four-cycle diffractometer data [Mo-Kα , 1386 from 1386 Io(hkl), R=3.4%, Rw=2.6%], parameters see text. Characteristic for this structure are “isolated” groups of [Nb2O10] and the tetrahedral coordination of Li(1), Li(2), and Li(3). Li(4) has a tetragonal-pyramidal coordination. The structural relations are deduced by Schlegel Diagrams. The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, the Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN and the charge distribution have been calculated and discussed. 相似文献
83.
This letter describes an original freezing process that yields homogeneous solid films at ambient temperature with preservation of the layered structure of the chiral smectic phase. One of the most remarkable features of the process is its ability to provide complexly bent films with arbitrary three-dimensional shapes. Their optical homogeneity is observed in the planar as well as in the bent films. The method is very simple. After forming the films by spreading the liquid crystal above a hole in a glass slice placed over a hot stage, the film is heated from below. The hot film is exposed to ambient temperature. Then, a solid object at room temperature with a specifically adapted shape is immersed in the liquid film. The mechanical constraints imposed by the object curves the film and stabilises various solid two- and three-dimensional structures. Their homogeneous optical properties are due to long-range organisation of the molecular orientation (tilt), which combines with a complex helical arrangement of the frozen smectic layers. 相似文献
84.
A white substance was got by directly heating TiSi powder on Ti foil, under Ar+O
2 atmosphere. ED, EDX, SEM and HRTEM studies reveal that the white substance consists of amorphous SiO
2 nanowires of smooth surface and uniform diameter (40-90 nm). X-ray-induced luminescent emission experiment shows that two
broad peaks are at 430 and 570 nm. A one-dimensional growth mechanism, on the basis of the one-dimensional thermal flow during
nanowire formation, is discussed. 相似文献
85.
A. M. Al-Sabagh N. G. Kandile N. M. Nasser M. R. Mishrif 《Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology》2014,35(10):1361-1368
This study mainly concentrates on the synthesis of three novel demulsifiers and the investigation of their demulsification efficiency. The demulsifiers were derived from 1,3,5-triethanolhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine, which was prepared by the reaction of monoethanol amine with formaldehyde. The 1,3,5-triethanolhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine was ethoxylated by introducing 20 units of ethylene oxide and then esterified at different molar ratios with oleic acid (1, 2, and 3) to give three demulsifiers, namely, E20TO, E20TO2, and E20TO3. The chemical structures of the prepared demulsifiers were confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectrum. The demulsification efficiency of these demulsifiers was tested on the natural water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions (50% water content). From the obtained results, it has been found that the investigated demulsifiers have a great potential to break the w/o emulsions. The trioleat ester (E20TO3) exhibited the maximum demulsification efficiency (96%) after 120 minutes at 55°C. 相似文献
86.
A new method to protect the copyright of digital museum based on digital holography is proposed. The Fresnel hologram of watermark image is embedded in the object to be protected through discrete wavelet transform (DWT). After the watermark detection, the copyright information appears in the reconstructed hologram. With the higher redundancy feature in the hologram, the proposed technique can actually survive several kinds of image processing. Experimental results prove that the presented method has good robustness in image protection. 相似文献
87.
88.
Due to the directed way of testing chemical compounds' in drug research and development many projects fail because serious adverse effects and toxicity are discovered too late, and many existing prospective activities remain unstudied. Evaluation of the general biological potential of molecules is possible using a computer program PASS that predicts more than 780 pharmacological effects, mechanisms of action, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, etc. on the basis of structural formulae of compounds, with average accuracy 85%. PASS applications to both databases of available samples included hundreds of thousands compounds, and small collections of compounds synthesized by separate medicinal chemists are described. It is shown that 880 compounds from Prestwick chemical library represent a very diverse pharmacological space. New activities can be found in existing compounds by prediction. Therefore, on this basis, the selection of compounds with required and without unwanted properties is possible. Even when PASS cannot predict very new activities, it may recognize some unwanted actions at the early stage of R&D, providing the medicinal chemist with the means to increase the efficiency of projects. 相似文献
89.
We present a concise review of the status of the standard model and of the search for new physics. 相似文献
90.
Joel L. Lebowitz 《Journal of statistical physics》1977,16(6):463-476
We derive a new inequality for ferromagnetic Ising spin systems and then use it to obtain information about the number of phases which can coexist in such systems. We show in particular that for even interactions only two phases (up and down magnetization) can coexist below the critical temperature at zero magnetic field (h=0) whenever the energy is a continuous function of the temperature. We also prove that the derivatives with respect toh ath=0 of the odd correlation functions (triplet,...) diverge like the susceptibility in the vicinity of the critical temperature (at least for pair interactions). Our results also apply to higher order Ising spins (not just spin 1/2).Research supported in part by NSF Grant #MPS 75-20638 and USAFOR Grant #73-2430D.John Simon Guggenheim Fellow. 相似文献