Growth of cubic MgxZn1−xO alloy films by electron beam evaporation

We report the growth of cubic Mg_xZn_1−xO alloy thin films on quartz by electron beam evaporation. It can be found that all the samples have sharp absorption edges by the absorption measurements. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate the Mg_xZn_1−xO films are cubic phase with preferred orientation along the (1 1 1) direction. Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) demonstrates that the Mg concentration in Mg_xZn_1−xO films is much higher than the ceramic target used, and the composition can be tuned in a small scope by varying the substrate temperature and the beam electric current. The reasons of this phenomenon are also discussed.     

高温超导磁体试验装置设计

在高温超导磁体试验装置设计中,冷却方式有制冷机传导冷却和液氮浸泡冷却两种。制冷机传导冷却是将磁体通过一种热导率高的材料与制冷机冷头相连。该方式为保证绝缘、冷量传递、温场均匀性等指标,对磁体的结构设计要求较高;液氮浸泡冷却是将高温超导磁体浸泡在液氮中,该方式虽然对磁体结构设计要求有所降低,但在试验过程中需定期补充蒸发掉的液氮,试验过程较繁琐。有鉴于此,我们设计了一套利用热虹吸原理的零蒸发液氮浸泡冷却高温超导磁体试验装置,超导磁体吊装在杜瓦上盖板法兰下,液氮浸泡超导磁体,带GM制冷机的液氮再冷凝杜瓦与超导磁体分开,用一根真空绝热管道将两者连接起来,利用热虹吸原理构成自循环系统。     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of oxidated Si particles formed by pulsed ion-beam ablation

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to probe oxidation states of Si species in particles deposited using a pulsed ion-beam evaporation method. The effects of He ambient gas, ion beam intensity and post-treatments on the oxides composition and oxygen content have been studied. It is found that presence of He ambient gas led to a profound oxidation of Si species as compared to that prepared in vacuum at the same ion-beam ablation energy, i.e. both increase of SiO₂ component and oxygen concentration in the oxides coverage. The deposition in He also resulted in an increase of oxygen concentration even under lower ablation intensity, but a higher Si suboxides concentration. It is revealed that the reaction between Si and O was controlled by the ion beam intensity (temperature of Si plasma) and the gas ambient (collision probability of Si and O species). The difference in structure of oxide layers for samples obtained under various conditions is discussed based on the results of XPS analyses.     

Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation processing of triacetate-pullulan polysaccharide thin films for drug delivery systems

We report the first successful deposition of triacetate-pullulan polysaccharide thin films by matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation. We used a KrF* excimer laser source (λ = 248 nm, τ ≈ 20 ns) operated at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. We demonstrated by FTIR that our thin films are composed of triacetate-pullulan maintaining its chemical structure and functionality. The dependence on incident laser fluence of the induced surface morphology is analysed.     

Impact of thermal annealing on physical properties of vacuum evaporated polycrystalline CdTe thin films for solar cell applications

A study on impact of post-deposition thermal annealing on the physical properties of CdTe thin films is undertaken in this paper. The thin films of thickness 500 nm were grown on ITO and glass substrates employing thermal vacuum evaporation followed by post-deposition thermal annealing in air atmosphere within low temperature range 150–350 °C. These films were subjected to the XRD, UV‐Vis NIR spectrophotometer, source meter, SEM coupled with EDS and AFM for structural, optical, electrical and surface topographical analysis respectively. The diffraction patterns reveal that the films are having zinc-blende cubic structure with preferred orientation along (111) and polycrystalline in nature. The crystallographic parameters are calculated and discussed in detail. The optical band gap is found in the range 1.48–1.64 eV and observed to decrease with thermal annealing. The current–voltage characteristics show that the CdTe films exhibit linear ohmic behavior. The SEM studies show that the as-grown films are homogeneous, uniform and free from defects. The AFM studies reveal that the surface roughness of films is observed to increase with annealing. The experimental results reveal that the thermal annealing has significant impact on the physical properties of CdTe thin films and may be used as absorber layer to the CdTe/CdS thin films solar cells.     

Effect of thickness on physical properties of electron beam vacuum evaporated CdZnTe thin films for tandem solar cells

The thickness and physical properties of electron beam vacuum evaporated CdZnTe thin films have been optimized in the present work. The films of thickness 300 nm and 400 nm were deposited on ITO coated glass substrates and subjected to different characterization tools like X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐Vis spectrophotometer, source meter and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the structural, optical, electrical and surface morphological properties respectively. The XRD results show that the as-deposited CdZnTe thin films have zinc blende cubic structure and polycrystalline in nature with preferred orientation (111). Different structural parameters are also evaluated and discussed. The optical study reveals that the optical transition is found to be direct and energy band gap is decreased for higher thickness. The transmittance is found to increase with thickness and red shift observed which is suitable for CdZnTe films as an absorber layer in tandem solar cells. The current-voltage characteristics of deposited films show linear behavior in both forward and reverse directions as well as the conductivity is increased for higher film thickness. The SEM studies show that the as-deposited CdZnTe thin films are found to be homogeneous, uniform, small circle-shaped grains and free from crystal defects. The experimental results confirm that the film thickness plays an important role to optimize the physical properties of CdZnTe thin films for tandem solar cell applications as an absorber layer.     

Stimulated Raman scattering in natural crystals of fluorapatite,Ca5(PO4)3F

Hexagonal Ca₅(PO₄)₃F, known as natural crystal fluorapatite and oldest host‐crystal for Ln³⁺‐lasant ions, is presented as a Raman‐active material. High‐order Raman‐induced χ⁽³⁾‐nonlinear processes are discovered in natural crystals of fluorapatite under picosecond pumping at 1.064 μm and 0.532 μm wavelength. A multitude of Stokes and anti‐Stokes components is generated in the ultraviolet, visible and near‐infrared spectral region by stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and Raman four‐wave mixing (FWHM), resulting in a frequency comb with a width of 520 THz. The spectral lines are identified and attributed to the ν₁(A_g) vibration mode of the tetrahedral [PO₄] units which is related to a Raman shift of ω_SRS ≈ 965 cm⁻¹. The first Stokes steady‐state Raman gain coefficient in the near‐infrared spectral range is estimated to be >0.38 cm·GW⁻¹. Finally, a short review of SRS‐promoting vibration modes and observed χ⁽³⁾‐ nonlinear interactions in all known SRS‐active natural crystals (minerals) is given.

     

Geological influence on the activity concentration of terrestrial radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the Jos Plateau,Nigeria

The Jos Plateau has been reported to have elevated levels of natural background radiation. A few earlier studies have measured the levels of natural radioactivity for specific locations in the area. Our interest is to investigate how geology of the study area influences the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides. Thus, the activity concentrations of terrestrial radionuclides in soil samples collected across the geological formations of the Jos Plateau were determined by gamma spectrometry technique. The mean activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were found to exceed their corresponding world reference values of 35, 40 and 400?Bq?kg^?1, respectively. Data were compared using statistical methods, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests. The results revealed in some instances significant influences of geological types on the activity concentrations in the area. The spatial distribution maps of activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were geostatistically interpolated by ordinary Kriging method using ArcGIS software.     

自然闪电条件下敷地线缆耦合试验

研制了一套能够同时测量线缆皮线和芯线感应电流的试验系统,研究自然闪电条件下敷地线缆的耦合问题。结果表明：不同位置处的线缆皮线感应电流波形基本一致,但幅值存在一定差异,说明感应电流空间分布不均匀; 所测线缆芯线和皮线感应电流的时域波形和频谱比较相似,能量集中在1 kHz~1 MHz之间; 正负地闪芯线感应电压波形均为单一脉冲型,波形持续时间10~49 μs; 正地闪线缆感应电压的幅值范围及幅值平均值都大于负地闪相应结果,说明正地闪产生的线缆耦合作用大于负地闪; 不同雷电过程的线缆感应电压幅值与磁感应强度有较小的相关性,而同一雷电过程则基本成线性关系; 正地闪线缆感应电压波形持续时间、半峰值宽度、10%~90%上升时间的范围及均值都比负地闪的要大。     

三基色白光LED的司辰节律因子研究

采用司辰节律因子模型,通过计算三基色白光LED光源在不同工作电流下的司辰节律因子,对可调色温的三基色白光LED光源进行非视觉效应研究。为了获取与自然光非视觉效应类似的LED白光,建立了司辰节律因子和相关色温分别相对于工作电流的关系模型,从而已知自然光的司辰节律因子和相关色温,就可以确定三基色LED的工作电流。通过测试一天内不同时刻的自然光光谱,根据上述模型推算出了三基色LED的工作电流。在所推算的三基色电流下,测试了白光LED光谱参数并计算了相应的司辰节律因子。与自然光司辰节律因子的对比结果表明,理论值和实验值的误差在1.1%以内,证实该方法具有可行性。本文所呈现的方法对于利用三基色白光LED模拟自然光具有一定的指导意义。