引入前沿科学 培养化学核心素养——以“碳量子点的制备”综合实验设计为例

为培养化学核心素养,让中学生了解前沿科学领域明星材料纳米材料的性质和用途,设计开发了一个基于中学生认知水平的研究型综合实验--碳量子点的制备。以含碳量丰富的生物质材料为原料,通过碳化反应以及多次过滤处理方法制备了一种新型的碳量子点,克服了碳量子点制备所需的高温高压等条件限制,使碳量子点这一新型纳米材料的制备能够在中学化学实验中得以实现,利用荧光灯对碳量子点的荧光性质进行定性表征,并将碳量子点制作成隐形荧光墨水,增加了实验的趣味性和实用性。学生实验证明该综合实验适用于中学化学实验教学和实验能力培养,有助于培养学生的科学探究精神、创新意识和社会责任感。     

Synthesis and field emission of patterned ZnO nanorods

A simple and self-catalytic method has been developed for synthesizing finely patterned ZnO nanorods on ITO-glass substrates under a low temperature of 500 °C. The patterned ZnO nanorod arrays, a unit area is of 400 × 100 μm², are synthesized via vapor phase transport method. The surface morphology and composition of the as-synthesized ZnO nanorods are characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The mechanism of formation of ZnO nanorods is also discussed. The measurement of field emission (FE) reveals that the as-synthesized ZnO nanorods arrays have a turn-on field of 3.3 V/μm at the current density of 0.1 μA/cm² and a low threshold field of 6.2 V/μm at the current density of 1 mA/cm². So this approach must have a potential application of fabricating micropatterned oxide thin films used in FE-based flat panel displays.     

Application of an optimized dispersive nanomaterial ultrasound‐assisted microextraction method for preconcentration of carbofuran and propoxur and their determination by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection

An extraction method based on dispersive nanomaterial ultrasound‐assisted microextraction was used for the preconcentration of carbofuran and propoxur insecticides in water samples prior to high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. ZnS:Ni nanoparticles were synthesized based on the reaction of the mixture of zinc acetate and nickel acetate with thioacetamide in aqueous media and then loaded on activated carbon (ZnS:Ni‐AC). Different methods were used for recognizing the properties of ZnS:Ni‐AC and then this nanomaterial was used for extraction of carbamate insecticide as new adsorbent. The influence of variables on the extraction method (such as amount of adsorbent (mg: NiZnS‐AC), pH and ionic strength of sample solution, vortex and ultrasonic time (min), ultrasound temperature and desorption volume (mL) was investigated by a screening 2^7–4 Plackett–Burman design. Then the significant variables were optimized by using a central composite design combined with a desirability function. At optimum conditions, this method had linear response >0.0060–10 μg/mL with detection limit 0.0015 μg/mL and relative standard deviations <5.0% (n = 3).     

酒石酸溶胶-凝胶法制备ZnFe_2O_4纳米材料

20世纪 80年代中期发展起来的纳米材料 ,使材料的超塑性、强度大为提高。对材料的电学、热学、磁学、光学性质产生了重要影响 ,为材料的利用开拓了一个崭新的领域 ,已成为世界各国研究开发的重点之一[1 ,2 ] 。纳米材料采用传统的机械方法是难以制得的。近年来 ,有关制备方法报道较多 ,包括物理法(蒸汽冷凝法、爆炸法、离子溅射法、机械研磨法、低温等离子体法等 )、化学法 (水热法、水解法、熔融法等 )、综合法 (等离子加强化学沉淀法ＰＥＣＶＤ、激光诱导化学沉积法ＬＩＣＶＤ等 )。某些方法颇具特色 ,但能够实用化批量生产的方法则很少[3…     

Ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolved spectroscopy

We review the technique and research of the ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolved spectroscopy and its applications in the field of the ultrafast dynamics of mesoscopic systems and nanomaterials. Combining femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), we can obtain the spectra with ultrahigh temporal and spatial resolutions simultaneously. Some problems in doing so are discussed. Then we show the important applications of the ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolved spectroscopy with a few typical examples.     

Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluorescence “Turn-On” Detection of Pb (II) Based on Fe3O4@Au–FITC Nanocomposite

New nanocomposites, Fe₃O₄@Au–FITC, were prepared and explored to develop a fluorescent detection of Pb²⁺. The Fe₃O₄@AuNPs–FITC nanocomposites could be etched by Pb²⁺ in the presence of Na₂S₂O₃, leading to fluorescence recovery of FITC quenched by Fe₃O₄@Au nanocomposites. With the increase of Pb²⁺ concentration, the fluorescence recovery of Fe₃O₄@AuNPs–FITC increased gradually. Under optimized conditions, a detection limit of 5.2 nmol/L of Pb²⁺ with a linear range of 0.02–2.0 µmol/L were obtained. The assay demonstrated negligible response to common metal ions. Recoveries of 98.2–106.4% were obtained when this fluorescent method was applied in detecting Pb²⁺ spiked in a lake-water sample. The above results demonstrated the high potential of ion-induced nanomaterial etching in developing robust fluorescent assays.     

一种新的离子液体表面活性剂软模板法合成碳酸锶纳米棒

在室温下,以SrCl2·6H2O和(NH4)2Co3为原料,采用咪唑季铵盐离子液体表面活性剂1-十六烷基-3-甲基咪唑溴盐[C16 mim]Br软模板法制备了SrCO3纳米棒.利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)对产物进行了表征.初步探讨了SrCO3纳米棒的形成机理.结果表明SrCO3纳米棒长度在200nm左右,由平均直径为1...     

Amperometric Biosensors Based on Direct Electron Transfer Enzymes

The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and medical applications. Enzyme-based biosensors meet these requirements to a high degree and can be operated with simple, cost efficient, and easy to use devices. This review focuses on enzymes capable of direct electron transfer (DET) to electrodes and also the electrode materials which can enable or enhance the DET type bioelectrocatalysis. It presents amperometric biosensors for the quantification of important medical, technical, and environmental analytes and it carves out the requirements for enzymes and electrode materials in DET-based third generation biosensors. This review critically surveys enzymes and biosensors for which DET has been reported. Single- or multi-cofactor enzymes featuring copper centers, hemes, FAD, FMN, or PQQ as prosthetic groups as well as fusion enzymes are presented. Nanomaterials, nanostructured electrodes, chemical surface modifications, and protein immobilization strategies are reviewed for their ability to support direct electrochemistry of enzymes. The combination of both biosensor elements—enzymes and electrodes—is evaluated by comparison of substrate specificity, current density, sensitivity, and the range of detection.     

Controlled growth behavior of chemical vapor deposited Ni nanostructures

Isolation of four distinct nanostructured Ni products is demonstrated in a well-controlled chemical vapor deposition process. These nanostructures include core–shell Ni–NiO nanowires, horizontally oriented nanowires, vertically oriented nanowires, and fully isometric cubic crystals all obtained upon an amorphous SiO₂|Si growth substrate from an identical metal halide precursor. Transmission electron microscopy indicates the horizontally- and vertically-oriented nanowire products to be high-quality single crystals with a preferred growth axis along the ?001? direction while the Ni–NiO core–shell nanowires are polycrystalline metal at the center and surrounded by an outer oxide. The differing crystal structures are reflected in the magnetic response of each nanowire type, as evidenced by magnetoresistance measurements. Detailed discussion of the formation mechanisms leading to each of the four nanostructured Ni products is presented along with a discussion of the general applicability of this non-epitaxial growth process to other material systems.     

纳米晶粒在高压下的相变

文章报道了纳米晶粒的晶粒尺寸对压力诱导相变的影响的最新研究进展．采用热力学理论揭示了纳米晶体材料的相变压力与同种大块材料不同的主要因素是体积变化率、表面能差和内能差．通过估算这3个因素的具体大小，可解释文献中报道的实验结果，并且可以确定同种大块材料和纳米晶体材料之间的相变压力发生差异的控制因素．在纳米晶体材料中，晶粒尺寸对结构稳定性和相变压力的影响与体系本身有关．