Remote Fluorination and Fluoroalkyl(thiol)ation Reactions

Remote functionalization reactions have the power to transform a C−H (or C−C) bond at a distant position from a functional group. This Review summarizes recent advances and key breakthroughs in remote fluorination, trifluoromethylation, difluoromethylation, trifluoromethylthiolation, and fluoroalkenylation reactions. Several powerful strategies have emerged to control the reactivity and distal selectivity such as the undirected radical approach, the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, the metal migration, the use of distant directing groups, and the ring-opening reactions. These unconventional and predictable C−H (and C−C) functionalization transformations should allow for the preparation of a wide range of otherwise-difficult-to-access alkyl, aromatic, heteroaromatic, and structurally complex fluorides.     

Periodic,breather and rogue wave solutions for a generalized (3+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in fluid dynamics

Under investigation in this paper is a generalized (3+1)-dimensional variable-coefficient B-type Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation, which describes the propagation of nonlinear waves in fluid dynamics. Periodic wave solutions are constructed by virtue of the Hirota–Riemann method. Based on the extended homoclinic test approach, breather and rogue wave solutions are obtained. Moreover, through the symbolic computation, the relationship between the one-periodic wave solutions and one-soliton solutions has been analytically discussed, and it is shown that the one-periodic wave solutions approach the one-soliton solutions when the amplitude $\eta \to 0$.     

Zur hydrogeologischen Interpretation von Isotopendaten im Zusammenhang mit Stofftransportprozessen

The migration of radionuclides and other tracers in porous layers is determined by substance transport. The physical and hydraulic basis of retardation is investigated. A definition of a factor of retardation is given, describing the ratio between the pore velocity of the water and the velocity of tracer migration. Consequences to the groundwater protection are discussed.     

The Acceleration Severity Index in the impact of a vehicle against permanent road equipment support structures

The acceleration Severity Index (ASI), described in European Standard EN12767 (The passive safety of support structures for road equipment. Requirements, classification and the test method) is regarded as the most important indicator of impact on the occupants. The requirements for experiments are described, having in mind that the results depend on many factors. One of them is the selection of a vehicle to be used in the crash test. To perform numerical vehicle crash simulation, the finite-element models of permanent road equipment support structures were developed using the LS Dyna software available. To examine the response of the vehicle upon the impact, the acceleration severity index curves were calculated and visualised in Matlab.     

Structural response of high solidity net cage models in uniform flow

Hydrodynamic loads acting on a fish farm may be affected by the growth of different biofouling organisms, mainly due to increased solidity of the nets. In this paper, the hydrodynamic loads acting on high solidity net cage models subjected to high uniform flow velocities and the corresponding deformation of the net cages are studied. Model tests of net cylinders with various solidities were performed in a flume tank with a simulated current. Standard Morison-type numerical analyses were performed based on the model tests, and their capability of simulating the occurring loads and the observed net cage deformations for different flow velocities was evaluated.Large deformations of the net cage models were observed, and at high velocities the deformations were close to what is physically possible. Net cage deformation appeared to be less dependent on solidity than on flow velocity and weights. Drag forces increased with increasing flow velocity and were dependent on both bottom weights and netting solidity. For the lowest solidity net, drag forces were close to proportional to flow velocity. For the three high solidity nets, the measured drag forces were of similar magnitude, and drag increased less with increasing flow velocity above approximately 0.5 m/s than at lower velocities.This study shows that a basic reduced velocity model is not sufficient to model the interaction between the fluid flow and net (hydroelasticity) for high solidity net cages subjected to high flow velocities.The standard numerical analysis was in general able to make good predictions of the net shape, and was capable of making an acceptable estimate of hydrodynamic loads acting on the lowest solidity net model (Sn=0.19). For high solidities and large deformations, numerical tools should account for changes in water flow and the global drag coefficient of the net.     

基于油藏实际的稠油层内水热催化裂解机理研究

开展了稠油层内水热催化裂解技术在胜利油田的先导实验,五口井平均周期单井增油653 t,稠油初期降黏率达79.8%,措施14周后降黏率仍大于62%。利用Brookfield DV-Ⅲ黏度计、ElementarVario EL III元素分析仪、Knauer K-700蒸气压渗透仪、Agilent 6890N气相色谱仪和EQUINOX 55傅里叶变换红外光谱仪等,对措施前后稠油的物化性质进行分析。结果表明,层内水热催化裂解后稠油黏度及平均分子量减小、轻烃含量增加、重质组分含量减少、氢碳原子比增加、杂原子含量减小。稠油层内裂解反应受催化剂体系、高温水及储层矿物因素控制,催化剂是促进稠油裂解的主要因素,供氢剂及分散剂等助剂有助于提高裂解效果,高温水的酸碱性质及储层矿物对稠油具有催化裂解作用。多因素协同作用下使稠油发生脱侧链、分子链异构、断链、加氢、开环、成环、脱硫等系列反应,使得稠油大分子分解成小分子物质,降低了稠油黏度,改善了稠油品质,证实该技术在现场应用中具有可行性。     

每课一题教学环节的研究与实践

利用“每课一题”这个教学环节从已有知识中提取基本原理，并应用于新知识的学习；提取学生的问题编制习题，让学生暴露产生问题的根源并从根本上解决。探讨了每课一题的必要性及其基本类型。     

带有二元连接函数的半参数模型

提出了一种新的带有二元连接函数的广义半参数模型,即二元连接模型(简称为BLM).使用轮廓似然方法估计模型的参数和非参数部分,并给出了计算算法.证明了所得的未知参数的估计量为n~(1/2)-相合,渐近正态且具有渐近最小方差,给出了实际数据分析和模拟研究,最终采用局部功效方法来检验非参数部分的线性性.     

A new test on the conditional capital asset pricing model

Testing the validity of the conditional capital asset pricing model(CAPM) is a puzzle in the finance literatureLewellen and Nagel[14]find that the variation in betas and in the equity premium would have to be implausibly large to explain important asset-pricing anomaliesUnfortunately, they do not provide a rigorous test statisticBased on a simulation study, the method proposed in Lewellen and Nagel[14]tends to reject the null too frequently.We develop a new test procedure and derive its limiting distribution under the null hypothesis.Also, we provide a Bootstrap approach to the testing procedure to gain a good finite sample performanceBoth simulations and empirical studies show that our test is necessary for making correct inferences with the conditional CAPM.