Investigation of photoelectron temporal characteristics in silver halide microcrystals using the microwave absorption technique

The free photoelectron lifetime reflects to a large extent the latent image formation efficiency and sensitivity of silver halide material. The microwave absorption dielectric-spectrum technique enables measurement of the photoelectron decay process of silver halide emulsion exposed to 35ps laser pulse. For T-grain AgBr emulsion, the relationship between exciting energy and photoelectron action has been obtained, and the influence of iodide dopants on photoelectron lifetime was measured and analysed. The photoelectron lifetime of dye-sensitized AgBr emulsion with tabular grains is shorter than that with cubic grains, and the latent image formation efficiency of the former is higher than the latter.     

硫增感AgBr I T颗粒乳剂光电子行为研究

本文利用微波吸收相敏检测技术,同时获得了硫增感AgBrIT颗粒乳剂,在不同增感条件下自由光电子和浅俘获光电子的时间衰减曲线,分析了不同的硫增感产物的陷阱效应.结果表明:开始时,增感产物起电子陷阱作用,至45 min时,浅电子陷阱作用最佳.如增感时间进一步增加,硫增感产物将变为深电子陷阱.本文还讨论了浅电子陷阱中浅俘获光电子衰减时间与阱深的依存关系.     

Microwave Accelerated Polymerization of 2‐Phenyl‐2‐oxazoline: Microwave or Temperature Effects?

Summary: Investigations regarding the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave irradiation and conventional heating are reported. This study was inspired by contradictory reports of the (non‐)existence of non‐thermal microwave effects that might accelerate the cationic ring‐opening of 2‐oxazolines. The polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline was investigated under pressure in acetonitrile and under reflux (or at the boiling point of butyronitrile in a closed vessel) in butyronitrile utilizing a single‐mode microwave reactor and automated synthesis robots with conventional heating.

     

Microwave Accelerated Polymerization of 2‐Phenyl‐2‐oxazoline

Summary: We studied the cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave irradiation. A comparison with thermal heating shows a great enhancement in the reaction rates while the living character of the polymerization is conserved. The polymerizations were performed at the temperature of boiling butyronitrile (123 °C). The polymerization of 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline under microwave conditions, described herein for the first time, is shown to be a rapid and environmentally friendly alternative to the classical methods.

Schematic of the activation of the reactive site by microwave irradiation.     

爆米花衍生氮掺杂纳米碳的制备及其电化学性能研究

纳米碳材料被广泛应用于能量存储和催化等领域, 但简便而有效地制备高性能碳材料仍是一个挑战. 本文采用微波法制备爆米花, 经过预碳化、KOH活化后得到高比表面积和高微孔率的氮掺杂纳米碳材料, 并利用SEM、TEM、XRD、Raman、XPS和N2物理吸附表征材料的结构和组成, 并将其用作超级电容器电极材料. 结果表明: 活化样品由于具有发达的孔结构和合适的氮含量而具有优异的电化学性能; 在0.2A?g-1的电流密度下, 比电容高达214F?g-1; 当电流密度20A?g-1时, 其倍率性能保持65%.     

Temperature Control Modes in Thermal Analysis

Now we can use several temperature control modes, i.e., the isothermal run including stepwise heating and cooling, constant rate heating (or cooling), temperature control for sample thermal history, sample controlled thermal analysis (SCTA or controlled-rate thermal analysis, CRTA), temperature jump, rate jump, temperature modulation and repeated temperature scanning. Their advantages and drawbacks are reviewed with some illustrative examples, especially for application to kinetic analysis. The combined use of these varieties of temperature control mode is recommended by showing examples. Temperature modulation and repeated temperature scanning are discussed in comparison with temperature modulated DSC, and common and analogous points are elucidated. In relation to this, the possibility that an imaginary part of overall reaction rate constant in complex reaction is postulated. Finally,these modes are classified and tabulated from two viewpoints and other possible modes are shown. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

向外发射同轴型虚阴极振荡器研究

在高功率微波源研究领域提出了一种新型虚阴极器件——向外发射同轴型虚阴极振荡器.对其相关束流特性进行了理论分析,得到了同轴空间径向传输空间电荷限制电流,以及虚阴极产生的条件和电子束运动的基本规律.基于数值模拟得到的结果,向外发射同轴型虚阴极振荡器不仅表现出较高的能量转换效率,而且有利于增加虚阴极器件产生高功率微波的脉宽,同时还可以应用于低频段高功率微波源.这种虚阴极器件的可能输出微波方式也进行了讨论 关键词： 虚阴极 高功率微波 脉冲功率 电子束二极管     

高频大功率磁绝缘线振荡器的理论设计

 初步考虑了高频率与高功率的磁绝缘线振荡器的设计问题。用在阴极端头增加发射电流的办法,在C波段理论得到了1.16GW的微波输出功率。利用增加高次谐波的办法在X波段理论获得了270MW的功率输出。     

高功率激光放大器片腔洁净度实验研究

在氙灯放电泵浦过程中,放大器片腔内材料在高强度氙灯光辐照下,存在显著的热解过程,产生大量的微米级悬浮粒子。在两种实验条件下对粒子数进行了测量:一是放大器氙灯泵浦结束之后悬浮粒子的自然消散过程;二是氙灯泵浦结束之后利用大气流量的超纯氮气冲洗片腔之后的粒子数测量。研究结果表明,正常情况下,氙灯泵浦结束后片腔洁净度达到了10~50万级气溶胶的水平(在粒子直径Φ 0.5 μm的水平上)。利用大气流量的超纯N2气冲洗片腔能够在短时间内显著地提高片腔的洁净度。     

用多极理论分析圆桩对称微波谐振腔

用多极理论计算具有复杂几何形状、圆柱对称微波腔的谐振频率,推导出用多极理论计算圆柱对称微波腔谐振频率的本征值方程。三个工程实例的计算结果表明,用多极理论计算圆柱对称微波腔谐振频率,不仅具有较高的计算精度,而且可以很方便地应用于复杂几何形状圆柱对称微波腔工程问题的设计与计算,多极理论是计算圆柱对称微波腔谐振频率的一种有效方法。