The novel thermochromic and energy-storage microcapsules with significant extension of color change range to different tones

In order to solve the problem of narrow color change range for common thermochromic material, the novel thermochromic and energy-storage microcapsules (TCEMs) was designed and synthesized by in-situ polymerization. The TCEMs contained optimizational thermochromic components and phase change materials, and exhibited the dual functional performances of thermochromic and energy-storage. Then, the TCEMs were applied to polyester/cotton blend fabric with waterborne polyurethane by coating process. The growing process, exterior morphology, color change effect, temperature-regulable behavior and thermal activity of the TCEMs and the treated fabrics were investigated. The results demonstrated that both TCEMs and modified fabrics had good energy-storage effect and remarkable thermochromic property. Especially, while surrounding temperature changed from 15?°C to 45?°C, the colors of TCEMs and treated fabrics could change from cool-tone (blue) to warm-tone (red), which significantly improved the color change range of the thermochromic material and made the color vary between different tones instead of changing in the region of similar color. The TCEMs exhibited great potentiality in the applying fields of decoration, anti-counterfeiting, architecture and intelligent textile, etc.     

The porous structure of pulp fibres with different yields and its influence on paper strength

The porous structure of the interior of papermaking fibres is a well-known important property of the fibres. Changes of this structure will influence tensile and burst strength of paper formed from the fibres and a change in pore size of the pores within the fibre wall is also important for the ability of molecules to diffuse in and out of the fibre wall. Relevant examples of this latter effect are the removal of lignin during cooking and the addition of performance chemicals during papermaking. In this paper, pore sizes and the pore size distribution of unbleached softwood fibres have been studied. A well-characterised fibre material consisting of laboratory cooked spruce and pine pulp of various lignin contents was used. Pore size and pore size distribution were measured by studies of the relaxation behaviour of ²H in fibres saturated with ²H₂O. Beside this the total and surface charge of the fibres were also measured together with strength properties of papers from unbeaten fibres. For both pulps, there is a maximum in pore radius at a yield around 46%. Calculations of fibre wall volume from water retention values and yield levels show that there is a discontinuity in pore radius as a function of the fibre wall volume around a yield of 51%. It is suggested that this discontinuity is caused by the breakdown of the hemicellulose/lignin matrix within the fibre wall at this yield level. The strength of the papers formed from the fibres shows a correlation with the surface charge of the fibres. Based on the change in surface charge with yield and the change in total charge with yield, this correlation is suggested to be due to an opening up of the external part of the fibre wall. This stresses the importance of the chemical composition and physical structure of the outer layer of the fibre wall.     

Analysis of Roman age wall paintings found in Pordenone, Trieste and Montegrotto

The aim of the present work is the study of many fragments of wall painting from archaeological excavations in three different Roman age sites dating back to the I Century before Common Era: Pordenone (località Torre); Trieste (Crosada) and Padova (Montegrotto). The techniques used were optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), equipped with a EDS microanalysis detector, X-rays powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The identified pigments were: cinnabar, hematite, celadonite, glauconite, cuprorivaite (Egyptian blue), yellow and red ochre, calcite, limonite, coal black.In general, the mortar preparation did not correspond to the complex procedure suggested by Vitruvius (De Architectura), but generally showed a porous layer, with crushed grains under the pigment layer. In some cases, two superimposed pigment layers were found: yellow superimposed on both red and pink, black on pink, green on black.The slight differences we found in the use of the pigments in the three studied sites might show that the same technology, culture and taste spread all over the Roman Empire in North Eastern Italy (X^a Regio Venetia et Histria).     

Direct visualization of straw cell walls by AFM

The structural relationship of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in plant cell walls is still a mystery needing to be explored. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the surface of straw at different layers was directly observed, and the structural characteristics were analyzed by topographic analysis and FT-IR spectra. It was found that a compact layer of wax covered the outside of the straw, which protects the straw from insects and microorganisms. At the boundary of the primary and second wall there appears a network structure of cellulose and hemicellulose, with some lignin localised on the surface of the network. It is consistent with the model of a cell wall suggested by Vincent. Inside the second cell wall, there is a layer mainly composed of a cellulose crystalline region. High-resolution AFM observation reveals that the crystalline structure consists of both triclinic and monoclinic unit cells. An AFM phase image showing the structural relation between cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, and lignin in the straw cell wall.     

多壁纳米管修饰电极电催化3,4-二羟基苯甲酸研究

应用循环伏安(CV)和方波伏安(SWV)法研究3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(DHBA)在多壁碳纳米管修饰的玻碳电极上的电化学行为.实验表明:该修饰电极对DHBA有较强的电催化作用.由方波伏安法测定的氧化峰电流在DHBA浓度为4.0×10-6~1.0×10-4mol/L和2.0×10-4~8.0×10-4mol/L范围内分段呈线性变化关系;相关系数各为0.9995和0.9992,检测限1.0×10-6mol/L.     

药物微胶囊壁材研究进展

药物微胶囊在药物的缓控释放等方面有着广阔的应用前景,因而近年来正成为农药、医药新剂型领域研究的热点之一。开发有竞争力的微胶囊壁材是当前药物微胶囊研究领域的一个重要课题。本文从天然高分子材料、全合成高分子材料、半合成高分子材料及无机材料4个方面综述了药物微胶囊壁材研究与应用的最新进展,着重阐述了明胶-阿拉伯胶、壳聚糖-海藻酸钠、环糊精及其衍生物、聚乳酸及其共聚物、脂肪族聚碳酸酯等生物可降解高分子材料作为药物微胶囊壁材的研究进展。     

The effect of a systematic change in surface roughness skewness on turbulence and drag

Previous work by the authors (Flack and Schultz, 2010) has identified the root-mean-square roughness height, k_rms, and the skewness, Sk, of the surface elevation distribution as important parameters in scaling the skin-friction drag on rough surfaces. In this study, three surfaces are tested in turbulent boundary layer flow at a friction Reynolds number, Re_τ = 1600–2200. All the surfaces have similar root-mean-square roughness height, while the skewness is varied. Measurements are presented using both two-component LDV and PIV. The results show the anticipated trend of increasing skin-friction drag with increasing skewness. The largest increase in drag occurs going from negative skewness to zero skewness with a more modest increase going from zero to positive skewness. Some differences in the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles are observed for the three surfaces. However, these differences are confined to a region close to the rough surface, and the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles collapse away from the wall when scaled in outer variables. The turbulence structure as documented through two-point spatial correlations of velocity is also observed to be very similar over the three surfaces. These results support Townsend’s (1976) concept of outer-layer similarity that the wall boundary condition exerts no direct influence on the turbulence structure away from the wall except in setting the velocity and length scales for the outer layer.     

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用JAEA水冷包层(WCSB)模块侧壁的流量分配实验验证了SST湍流模型,建立了水冷包层模块第一壁的数值分析模型,研究了第一壁各冷却管中的流量分配情况。分析结果发现,第一壁模型入口集管中存在复杂的流动行为,冷却剂可以明显的区分为主流和逆流两大部分,其中主流进入冷却管的位置是影响流量分配的主要因素,逆流区形成了一系列次级涡流和沿管壁的环向流动。分析结果表明,在第一壁模型中,在所以条件下,各冷却剂通道中存在流量分配不均匀现象,流速最大值与最小值偏差均小于2%。     

壁面加热湍流耗散率标度指数测量的实验研究

对中等雷诺数下壁面常温和壁面加热的平板湍流边界层中速度和温度粗粒化的耗散率结构函数标度指数进行了实验测量.用热线风速仪测量了风洞中壁面常温和加热的平板湍流边界层中不同法向位置的流向速度分量和温度的时间序列信号,研究了由于湍流边界层近壁区域相干结构的存在而导致的非各向同性、非均匀性对湍流耗散率结构函数标度指数的影响,研究发现,中等雷诺数下壁面加热的边界条件和剪切湍流的平均速度梯度对速度和温度耗散率结构函数的标度指数没有影响,均匀各向同性湍流的耗散率结构函数标度指数的层次结构模型对壁面加热平板湍流边界层的速度和温度耗散率结构函数的标度指数也是适用的.     

乌鲁木齐墙面太阳辐射的气候学研究

本文计算分析了乌鲁木齐每月40方位墙面上的天文辐射与可能日照时间,对相应的实际日照时间进行了估计。并在计算给出的R_b值的基础上,利用散射辐射各向同性和非各向同性模式研究了乌鲁木齐各月墙面直接辐射与总辐射随方位的分布变化特征。