芯片封装焊球连接疲劳寿命预测分析--能量法和有效应变法之比较

研究了目前常用的两种芯片封装焊球连接的寿命预测方法一能量法和有效应变法。对焊球连接的材料本构关系进行了对比分析，并利用FORTRAN语言编制了相应的材料本构模型子程序，将其与有限元仿真工具ANSYS耦合，实现了将焊球连接的材料本构模型用户子程序导入到ANSYS的材料库。在此基础上模拟了三维芯片叠层球栅阵列尺寸封装的焊球结构，在热循环条件下(-40～ 125℃的工作状态，并分别利用能量法和有效应变法对焊球连接的寿命预测进行了比较分析，最后对两种方法作出了评价。     

How Van der Waals Interactions Influence the Absorption Spectra of Pheophorbide a Complexes: A Mixed Quantum–Classical Study

The computation of dispersive site energy shifts due to van der Waals interaction (London dispersion forces) was combined with mixed quantum–classical methodology to calculate the linear optical absorption spectra of large pheophorbide a (Pheo) dendrimers. The computed spectra agreed very well with the measurements considering three characteristic optical features occurring with increasing aggregate size: a strong line broadening, a redshift, and a low‐energy shoulder. The improved mixed quantum–classical methodology is considered a powerful tool in investigating molecular aggregates.     

Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction for six inorganic and organic arsenic species in chicken tissues using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for microwave‐assisted extraction of six major inorganic and organic arsenic species (As(III), As(V), dimethyl arsenic acid, monomethyl arsenic acid, p‐arsanilic acid, and roxarsone) from chicken tissues, followed by detection using a high‐performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled mass spectrometry detection method, which allows the simultaneous analysis of both inorganic and organic arsenic species in the extract in a single run. Effects of extraction medium, solution pH, liquid‐to‐solid ratio, and the temperature and time of microwave‐assisted extraction on the extraction of the targeted arsenic species were studied. The optimum microwave‐assisted extraction conditions were: 100 mg of chicken tissue, extracted by 5 mL of 22% v/v methanol, 90 mmol/L (NH₄)₂HPO₄, and 0.07% v/v trifluoroacetic acid (with pH adjusted to 10.0 by ammonium hydroxide solution), ramping for 10 min to 71°C, and holding for 11 min. The method has good extraction performance for total arsenic in the spiked and nonspiked chicken tissues (104.0 ± 13.8% and 91.6 ± 7.8%, respectively), except for the ones with arsenic contents close to the quantitation limits. Limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) for As(III), As(V), dimethyl arsenic acid, monomethyl arsenic acid, p‐arsanilic acid, and roxarsone in chicken tissues using this method were 0.012, 0.058, 0.039, 0.061, 0.102, and 0.240 mg/kg (dry weight), respectively.     

Poly(paraphenylene sulfide) and Poly(metaphenylene sulfide) via Light‐Initiated SRN1‐Type Polymerization of Halogenated Thiophenols

In this work, the synthesis of various halogenated thiophenol derivatives is presented. These thiophenols are used as monomers in light‐initiated S_RN1‐type radical polymerization reactions. The method provides easy access to industrially relevant poly(paraphenylene sulfide) and poly(metaphenylene sulfide). The influence of the halide leaving group and of other substituents in the thiophenol monomer on the polymerization process is investigated.

     

ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRIC LAMINATED RECTANGULAR PLATES IN PLANE STRESS

Symmetric laminated plates used usually are anisotropic plates. Based on the fundamental equation for anisotropic rectangular plates in plane stress problem, a general analytical solution is established accurately by method of stress function. Therefore the general formula of stress and displacement in plane is given. The integral constants in general formula can be determined by boundary conditions. This general solution is composed of solutions made by trigonometric function and hyperbolic function, which can satisfy the problem of arbitrary boundary conditions along four edges, and the algebraic polynomial solutions which can satisfy the problem of boundary conditions at four corners. Consequently this general solution can be used to solve the plane stress problem with arbitrary boundary conditions. For example, a symmetric laminated square plate acted with uniform normal load, tangential load and nonuniform normal load on four edges is calculated and analyzed.     

Teachers Describe Epistemologies of Science Instruction Through Q Methodology

Creating scientifically literate students is a common goal among educational stakeholders. An understanding of nature of science is an important component of scientific literacy in K‐12 science education. Q methodology was used to investigate the opinions of preservice and in‐service teachers on how they intend to teach or currently teach science. Q methodology is a measurement tool designed to capture personal beliefs. Participants included 40 preservice and in‐service elementary and secondary science teachers who sorted 40 self‐referential statements regarding science instruction. The results identified three epistemologies toward teaching science: A Changing World, My Beliefs, and Tried and True. Participants with the A Changing World epistemology believe evidence is reliable, scientific knowledge is generated in multiple ways, and science changes in light of new evidence. The My Beliefs epistemology reflects that scientific knowledge is subject to change due to embedded bias, science is affected by culture and religion, and evolution should not be taught in the classroom. The Tried and True epistemology views a scientific method as an exact method to prove science, believes experiments are crucial for scientific discoveries, absolute truth exists in scientific knowledge, and society and cultural factors can be eliminated from investigations. Implications for preservice teacher education programs and in‐service teacher professional development are addressed.     

On-line double isotope dilution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of solid materials

We report on the determination of trace elements in solid samples by the combination of on-line double isotope dilution and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The proposed method requires the sequential analysis of the sample and a certified natural abundance standard by on-line IDMS using the same isotopically-enriched spike solution. In this way, the mass fraction of the analyte in the sample can be directly referred to the certified standard so the previous characterization of the spike solution is not required. To validate the procedure, Sr, Rb and Pb were determined in certified reference materials with different matrices, including silicate glasses (SRM 610, 612 and 614) and powdered samples (PACS-2, SRM 2710a, SRM 1944, SRM 2702 and SRM 2780). The analysis of powdered samples was carried out both by the preparation of pressed pellets and by lithium borate fusion. Experimental results for the analysis of powdered samples were in agreement with the certified values for all materials. Relative standard deviations in the range of 6–21% for pressed pellets and 3–21% for fused solids were obtained from n = 3 independent measurements. Minimal sample preparation, data treatment and consumption of the isotopically-enriched isotopes are the main advantages of the method over previously reported approaches.     

Recent Progress on Routes to Spirooxindole Systems Derived from Isatin

Because of their definite or potential biological and pharmaceutical activities, spirooxindole heterocycles have been widely studied, and there has occurred a research boom on routes to these significant compounds in recent years. This review surveys the last 5‐year progress on the construction of spirooxindole systems derived from isatin with typical examples.     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Michael Addition Reaction Catalyzed by L-Proline in Ionic Liquid Medium Using Response Surface Methodology

Michael addition reactions of aldehyde to β-nitrostyrene catalyzed by L-proline were investigated by using controlled, monomode microwave-assisted technique in a closed vessel system. Ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim]NTf₂) was used as the reaction medium to replace the commonly used volatile organic solvents and as a good absorbing solvent during Michael reaction under the influence of microwave irradiation. The Michael product is clean and generates good yields in short reaction times with moderate results on enantioselectivity (ee). In this work, optimization of proline-catalyzed Michael reaction was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three-factor-three-level central composite design (CCD). Various reaction parameters including catalyst loading (5–30 mol%), reaction time (5–40 min), and substrate (2–5 equivalent ratio) were investigated. A high Michael yield (96.5%) with 36.9 ee% was obtained at the optimum conditions of 10.0 mol% catalyst loading, 5.0 min reaction time, and 2.0 substrate equivalent ratio.

[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® for the following free supplemental resource(s): Full experimental and spectral details.]