金属纳米复合催化剂合成与应用的最新进展

随着纳米技术的发展,金属纳米复合材料由于其特殊的物理化学性质和潜在的催化应用受到越来越多的关注。本文系统地介绍了金属纳米复合催化剂最新的研究进展。首先,我们介绍了一些金属纳米复合催化剂的合成方法。其次,为了更好的优化催化剂的结构与催化活性的关系,并深入理解催化反应机理,我们讨论了金属纳米复合催化剂一些重要因素(包括粒子粒径、形貌、组成、载体或配体)对催化活性和选择性的影响。最后,我们进一步介绍了金属纳米复合催化剂在还原不饱和化学键中的应用(N=O,N≡C和C=O),同时还对金属纳米复合催化剂的发展方向进行了展望。     

金属氯化物-苯并噻唑有机-无机杂化化合物的合成、表征及荧光性质

金属卤化物MCl₂（M=Pb²⁺,Cd²⁺,Co²⁺）分别与苯并噻唑（btz）在浓盐酸中、80 ℃下反应,合成了3种有机-无机杂化化合物：（btzH）[（PbCl₃）] （1）,（btzH）₂[CdCl₄]·2H₂O （2）和（btzH）₂[CoCl₄]·2H₂O （3）,其中化合物2和3结构相似。对化合物1~3进行了粉末衍射、红外和紫外光谱、元素分析、热重分析以及X射线单晶衍射表征。荧光测试发现：化合物1~3在393 nm处有发射峰,该荧光来源于苯并噻唑环中电子的π…π跃迁。     

Computational study of fluoroquinolone binding to and its applicability to future drug design

Fluoroquinolones are an important therapeutic class in the targeting of new and resistant bacterial infections. Fluoroquinolones bind to bacterial type II topoisomerase via a water‐Mg²⁺ bridge. However, binding to magnesium‐containing molecules outside of the target cells increases the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and promotes drug resistance. As a result, fluoroquinolones are counter‐indicated with magnesium and multivalent metal cation containing drugs, such as antacids. The antibiotic efficacy of fluoroquinolones has also been shown to be pH dependent, as we show the effect of protonation state on magnesium binding. This work presents a systematic computational study of fluoroquinolones' magnesium‐binding properties. We use B3LYP density functional theory and triple‐zeta basis sets, to evaluate binding affinities. Complexation is predicted to be thermodynamically favorable at neutral and basic compared to acidic pH. The calculated complexation energies broadly capture experimental binding affinities, suggesting this is a valid approach for designing new fluoroquinolones with a target magnesium binding affinity. We also investigate the effect of chemical substitution at the carboxylic acid to help in the identification of potential new antibiotics based on the fluoroquinolone pharmacophore.     

Growth and characterization of ultrathin carbon films on electrodeposited Cu and Ni

Ultrathin carbon films were grown on different types of metallic substrates. Free‐standing foils of Cu and Ni were prepared by electroforming, and a pure Ni film was obtained by galvanic displacement on a Si wafer. Commercial foil of Ni 99.95% was used as a reference substrate. Carbon films were grown on these substrates by chemical vapour deposition in a CH₄‐H₂ atmosphere. Obtained films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy. The XPS at grazing collection angle was used to determine the thickness of carbon films. Depending on the deposition parameters, the films of graphene or graphite were obtained on the different substrates. The uniformity of graphene and its distribution over the sample area were investigated from Raman data, optical images, and XPS chemical maps. The presence of graphene or graphite in the films was determined from the Raman spectra and Auger peak of C KVV. For this purpose, the D parameter, which is a fingerprint of carbon allotropes, was determined from C KVV spectra acquired by using X‐rays and electron beam. A formation of an intermediate layer of metal hydroxide was revealed in the samples with graphene overlayer.     

金属有机框架CPL-1填充柱气相色谱分析氢同位素

金属有机框架(MOFs)材料CPL-1的比表面积大、孔径均一,在低温条件下对氢同位素具有良好的量子筛分效应,是气相色谱固定相潜在的应用材料。采用CPL-1填充制备了长0.5 m、内径1 mm的微孔填充柱,借助单晶Al_2O_3颗粒间隙构建了色谱载气流通路径,在低温条件下探索研究了CPL-1填充柱的氢同位素分析性能。结果表明,在77 K时CPL-1对H_2和D_2的吸附量接近4 mmol/g,优于MnCl2/γ-Al_2O_3和γ-Al_2O_3,CPL-1填充柱在取样量0.25~2 mL范围内对低浓度氢同位素样品的检测具有良好的线性关系,检测的相对误差小于4%。CPL-1填充柱具有线性范围宽、重复性好、准确度高等优点,在氢同位素色谱分析中具有潜在的应用价值。     

吡唑锌配合物的合成、晶体结构及抗肝癌细胞活性

通过溶剂挥发法合成了锌配合物[Zn(Hppo)2(ppo)Cl](1),Hppo=5-苯基-3-羟基吡唑,利用元素分析、FTIR以及X射线衍射法对配合物1进行表征。晶体结构显示配合物属于单斜晶系,P21空间群。检测了配合物1对肝癌细胞HepG2、Hep3B和Huh7的细胞形态与细胞毒性的影响,结果表明配合物1对肿瘤细胞具有明显的抑制作用。     

过渡金属(Mo,Fe,Co和Ni)基催化剂在电催化还原二氧化碳还原中应用

近年来,全球二氧化碳排放量逐年增加, 对人们赖以生存的生态环境已造成严重威胁, 因此将二氧化碳转化成高附加值的化学品和燃料受到前所未有的广泛关注. 与目前已开发的转化技术(如热催化和光催化等)相比, 电催化二氧化碳转化技术具有稳定的效率?可控的选择性?简单的反应单元和巨大的工业应用潜力, 是一种更为理想的转化技术之一. 从反应动力学来看, 目前的催化剂仍难以克服反应过程中高的能量屏障以及迟缓的反应速度. 另一方面, 电催化二氧化碳转化包含多个质子和电子的耦合过程, 反应过程包含多种路径, 反应产物往往是混合物. 在此背景下, 如何发展高催化效率和高选择性电催化剂成为目前研究的焦点. 在众多的电催化剂中, 贵金属及其合金展现出较高的电催化二氧化碳还原活性, 但储量小的缺点限制了其大规模的工业应用. 铜基材料可以把二氧化碳转化为附加值更高的产品. 然而, 铜基材料仍难以克服选择性差?失活严重和效率低等缺点. 作为一种更廉价的材料, 碳基催化剂具有价廉?比表面积大?导电性好?化学性质稳定以及优异的机械性能等优点在电催化二氧化碳还原中得到了广泛的研究. 然而, 单纯的碳催化剂对于二氧化碳分子活化以及吸附反应中间体能力较低, 导致了碳基材料催化电催化二氧化碳还原活性以及选择性较低. 因此, 开发出可实际应用的高效率和高选择性非贵金属电极材料是当前该技术研究中亟待解决的关键科学问题.过渡金属基化合物在能源转化中展现出巨大的应用潜力. 过渡金属价电子在d轨道, 而d轨道邻近费米能级, d轨道电子填充的变化使得d轨道中心与费米能级相对位置发生变化, 进而展现出多种催化活性. 电催化二氧化碳还原是一个多电子和质子耦合过程, 催化剂的本征活性由其表面电子结构决定. 在此背景下, 过渡金属基化合物价层电子轨道的多变性使其成为提高电催化二氧化碳还原效率和选择性的理想催化剂. 对于电催化二氧化碳还原, 不同中间体的标度关系是制约反应总效率的关键因素. N?rskov等研究发现, MoS2, MoSe2和Ni掺杂 MoS2催化剂上存在不同种类的活性位点. 不同的活性位点可以分别吸附反应中间体并使中间体的吸附过程相对独立, 从而有效打断中间体的标度关系. 2014,Salehi-Khojin等成功把MoS2应用在高效电催化二氧化碳还原中. 边缘Mo原子d带电子靠近费米能级的特性使其具有更高的电催化活性. 其它研究工作者通过引入掺杂物质, 进一步提高了MoS2的电催化二氧化碳还原性能. Fe位点在理论上虽然具有很高的电催化二氧化碳转化活性, 然而目前铁基催化剂的研究相对较少. Co基材料也可用于电催化二氧化碳转化.2016年, Xie等首次制备无机Co基材料用于电催化二氧化碳还原. 部分氧化的钴可以促进速控步骤反应进程, 进而降低整体反应的过电势. 基于此, 制备了超薄的Co3O4片层, 发现价电子轨道中心更靠近费米能级时, 电极材料展现出更高的催化活性. 进一步研究发现氧空穴的存在也可以减小速控步骤的能量屏障. 此外, Ni基材料也被证明具有高的催化二氧化碳转化活性. 目前这些研究工作对如何构建高性能电极材料在理论上给出了指导方向, 并且联系实验证明了方法的可行性. 受到这些工作的启发, 未来可将有巨大潜力的过渡金属基化合物化合物, 例如过渡金属氮化物?过渡金属磷化物?过渡金属碳化物和过渡金属硼化物等, 作为电催化剂研究其二氧化碳还原催化性能. 另外, 就目前的研究来看, 将二氧化碳有效地还原到特定的产物仍存在巨大的挑战. 如何优化过渡金属(Mo, Fe, Co和Ni)基催化剂价层d轨道结构, 促进反应中间体吸附过程, 将是解决催化活性和选择性这一科学问题的关键.     

Highly Active Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of cobalt phosphide, CoP, have been prepared and evaluated as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under strongly acidic conditions (0.50 M H₂SO₄, pH 0.3). Uniform, multi‐faceted CoP nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting Co nanoparticles with trioctylphosphine. Electrodes comprised of CoP nanoparticles on a Ti support (2 mg cm^?2 mass loading) produced a cathodic current density of 20 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of ?85 mV. The CoP/Ti electrodes were stable over 24 h of sustained hydrogen production in 0.50 M H₂SO₄. The activity was essentially unchanged after 400 cyclic voltammetric sweeps, suggesting long‐term viability under operating conditions. CoP is therefore amongst the most active, acid‐stable, earth‐abundant HER electrocatalysts reported to date.     

Metal‐Organic Gels Based on Carboxyl‐Functionalized Benzimidazole and Their Stimuli Responsivenesses

Three multi‐responsiveness supramolecular metal‐organic gels (MOGs) have been prepared upon Ba(OAc)₂, CdSO₄·8H₂O and Pb(NO₃)₂ with a simple ligand (G17) based on a carboxyl‐functionalized benzimidazole derivative in alcoholic‐water solutions. The MOGs display the formation of well‐developed nanofibrillar networks composed of intertwined fibers which provide stability to gels structures through coordination, hydrogen bonding and π‐ π interactions characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), the fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. MOG‐1 shows good stimuli responsiveness toward the changes in K₂CrO₄, both MOG‐2 and MOG‐3 do good job toward the changes in Na₂S. Moreover, because these MOGs were formed easily by gelator with some heavy metal ion, such as Cd(II) and Pb(II), it might provide the basis for heavy metal ion capture and removal.     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定药用明胶空心胶囊中微量重金属元素

采用微波消解技术,建立了一种电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定明胶空心胶囊中Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Hg和Pb 9种微量重金属元素的方法。确定了微波消解仪和等离子体质谱仪的最佳操作参数,研究共存离子的干扰和消除方法,选择了各元素的测定同位素,以Ge,Rh和Tl为内标补偿基体效应,建立了样品测定方法。应用拟定的方法测定了不同生产厂家、不同批次的空心胶囊中微量重金属的含量。方法对试样中各元素测定的相对标准偏差为1.5%~14.1%,加标回收率在90.0%~102.0%。结果表明,方法简便、快速、灵敏,满足于空心胶囊中9种重金属元素的测定要求。