ICP-AES法测定金属硅中的Al、B、Ba、Ca、Cr、Cu、 Fe、Mg、Mn、Ni、Sr、Ti、V和Zn杂质元素

本文提供了一种测定金属硅中Ｂ,Ｆｅ,Ａｌ,Ｃａ,Ｍｎ等１４个杂质元素的ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ方法,在样品处理过程中,加入适量体积的甘露醇能够抑制Ｂ的挥发。用本方法测定了一个国家地球化学标准样（ＧＳＲ－４）,结果令人满意。     

Alloy formation at the Ni–Al interface for nickel films deposited on Al(110) surfaces

Alloy formation at the Ni–Al interface for thin nickel films deposited on Al(110) surfaces has been studied using high-energy ion scattering/channeling (HEIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). For nickel atoms deposited at room temperature on Al(110), a large amount of nickel–aluminum intermixing occurs at the interface. For the first two monolayers (ML) of deposited nickel, an NiAl-like compound is formed. The intermixing continues with a different rate, forming an Ni₃Al-like compound for nickel coverages from 2 to 8 ML, at which point a nickel metal film begins to grow on the surface. Nickel atoms deposited at 250°C on the Al(110) surface exhibit no surface compound formation, but diffuse up to 400 Å into the aluminum substrate. Interatomic potentials based on the embedded-atom method (EAM) are used in a Monte Carlo approach to simulate the evolution of the Ni–Al(110) interface as a function of the nickel coverage. The calculated ion-scattering yields and X-ray photoelectron intensities from nickel and aluminum atoms in these simulated interfaces are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental results. The simulations show a high-density Ni–Al alloy forming at the Al(110) surface which apparently inhibits outward diffusion of aluminum, leading to the more nickel-rich alloy and finally nickel film growth. The ion-scattering simulations show an unusually large amount of backscattering occurring below the Ni–Al(110) interface, apparently associated with defocusing of the incident ion beam.     

多孔金属薄膜阻尼减振微观机理研究

研究了多孔金属薄膜的阻尼性能和微观机理. 采用分子动力学方法及扫描电镜(SEM) 原位观察实验手段对多孔金属薄膜阻尼进行研究, 得出金属薄膜应变滞后于应力周期性变化以及弹性势能周期性衰减的规律, 并通过应变滞后应力的时间差求得损耗因子; 从微观结构上可看出, 在薄膜孔缺陷附近\langle110angle晶向上经历了位错产生、 并且位错呈阶梯状向前发射的变化; 在SEM原位拉伸、卸载实验中观察到有微裂纹的萌生、斜向阶梯扩展、收缩及消失的周期过程. 结果表明: 在周期载荷作用下, 多孔金属薄膜的孔缺陷附近产生的位错可以挣脱开弱钉扎点并限制在强钉扎点上, 由于位错的变化及附近晶界间的相对滑动产生内摩擦, 消耗了系统的部分弹性势能, 引起金属薄膜的阻尼减振效应, 从而揭示了多孔金属涂层阻尼产生的微观机理.     

基于小波变换的便携式X射线荧光光谱仪检测模型的建立与改进

应用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪对土壤中Cr,Cu,Zn,As,Pb等重金属含量进行检测, 每个样品扫描检测3次,利用小波阈值滤噪的方法对所测谱线进行光滑去噪处理后, 根据土壤重金属的标准值和相应的计数率(取三次处理后检测谱线的平均值)建立各重金属的标准曲线。运用小波阈值滤噪方法时, 为确定最佳的小波基和小波分解层数, 以信噪比(SNR),均方根误差(MSE)和信息熵(H)作为评估指标评价降噪效果。为验证仪器的稳定性, 根据土壤样品中重金属浓度的不同挑选部分样品并同时选用H₃BO₃(空白对照)进行重测。结果表明: 运用小波变换方法时,选取coif3小波基对谱线进行三层分解, 取得了最佳的去噪效果; 建立好模型后,仪器的决定系数R2范围是0.990~0.996, 表明在0~1 500 mg·kg-1范围内, 土壤样品中各重金属元素含量与X射线荧光光谱特征峰强度之间的线性关系良好; 经过重复检测和计算得知仪器的检出限均低于国家一级土壤标准。将小波变换的方法实际运用到X射线荧光光谱仪检测模型的建立与改进中,有效的提高了模型的准确性,同时经验证,仪器具有良好的精密度,可运用于实际土壤重金属污染的现场快速筛查。     

Laser‐Induced Self‐Assembled Nanostructures on Electron‐Transparent Substrates

Currently, one of the challenges in high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of nanomaterials is to make contamination‐free materials in a simple and time‐efficient way. Here, a method is demonstrated that combines nanosecond‐pulsed laser dewetting of thin films with a film float‐off technique to realize nanostructures (NSs) on electron‐transparent substrates in a robust and rapid manner. NSs of metal (Ag) and bimetals (AgCo, AuCo) ranging from 20 to 150 nm are synthesized on thin carbon film deposited on mica substrates. The NS/carbon system is subsequently transferred onto TEM grids by a float‐off process resulting from debonding of the carbon from mica due to their contrasting hydrophobic nature. This process enables the fabrication of different NSs on flexible and electron‐transparent substrates.     

Combination of HAADF‐STEM and ADF‐STEM Tomography for Core–Shell Hybrid Materials

Characterization of core–shell type nanoparticles in 3D by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be very challenging. Especially when both heavy and light elements coexist within the same nanostructure, artifacts in the 3D reconstruction are often present. A representative example would be a particle comprising an anisotropic metallic (Au) nanoparticle coated with a (mesoporous) silica shell. To obtain a reliable 3D characterization of such an object, a dose‐efficient strategy is proposed to simultaneously acquire high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning TEM and annular dark‐field tilt series for tomography. The 3D reconstruction is further improved by applying an advanced masking and interpolation approach to the acquired data. This new methodology enables us to obtain high‐quality reconstructions from which also quantitative information can be extracted. This approach is broadly applicable to investigate hybrid core–shell materials.     

Observation of insulating–insulating monoclinic structural transition in macro‐sized VO2 single crystals [Phys. Status Solidi RRL 5, No. 3, R107–R109 (2011)]

In our article, we reported the observation of monoclinic M2 to M1 structural phase transition in VO₂ single crystal near the temperature of ～49 °C. However, the re‐examination of Laue patterns reveals that previously defined monoclinic M1 and M2 phases can be interpreted as monoclinic M2 and triclinic T phases instead. Careful experimental geometry calibration and further refinement of the lattice parameter ratios and angles show that monoclinic M2 and triclinic T phases fit better with the experimental data. On the other hand, our previous misidentification of the insulating phases does NOT affect the conclusions of our article. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Effect of spin–orbit coupling on spin transport at graphene/transition metal interface

In spite of large spin coherence length in graphene due to small spin–orbit coupling, the created potential barrier and antiferromagnetic coupling at graphene/transition metal (TM) contacts strongly reduce the spin transport behavior in graphene. Keeping these critical issues in mind in the present work, ferromagnetic (Co, Ni) nanosheets are grown on graphene surface to elucidate the nature of interaction at the graphene/ferromagnetic interface to improve the spin transistor characteristics. Temperature dependent magnetoconductance shows unusual behavior exhibiting giant enhancement in magnetoconductance with increasing temperature. A model based on spin–orbit coupling operated at the graphene/TM interface is proposed to explain this anomalous result. We believe that the device performance can be improved remarkably tuning the spin–orbit coupling at the interface of graphene based spin transistor. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Growth of fcc(111) on bcc(110): Influence of growth and annealing temperature on epitaxy and surface morphology for Pd on Cr

The effects of growth versus annealing temperature on epitaxial relationship and surface morphology were studied for Pd(111) films on Cr(110) surfaces. While the epitaxial orientation of the Pd films depends on film thickness as well as on growth temperature, subsequent annealing has no effect on the epitaxial orientation. Instead, additional annealing of room temperature grown films takes the surface morphology from an island to a terrace shape, which was not observed for samples directly grown at elevated temperatures. These different effects that growth and annealing temperature have, help understanding the resulting structure and morphology of the heteroepitaxial system.     

金属Zn液态结构变化的研究

利用ＴＢ模型给出的原子间相互作用势详细计算了不同温度下Ｚｎ的双体分布函数ｇ（ｒ），结果发现随着温度的不断降低，液态金属Ｚｎ的ｇ（ｒ）第一峰变得高而尖，第二峰由弱变强，说明了液态金属Ｚｎ的有序度随温度降低而不断增强；利用键对分析技术统计了液态金属Ｚｎ在不同温度下的键取向序参数、键对数。键取向序参数及键对数随温度的变化，进一步证明了低温液态的有序度高于高温液态，从而充分说明液态金属在不同温度下有不同的结构形式，而不像人们想象得那样杂乱无章。