Recent Analytical Approaches for the Study of Bioavailability and Metabolism of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds

The study of the bioavailability of bioactive compounds is a fundamental step for the development of applications based on them, such as nutraceuticals, functional foods or cosmeceuticals. It is well-known that these compounds can undergo metabolic reactions before reaching therapeutic targets, which may also affect their bioactivity and possible applications. All recent studies that have focused on bioavailability and metabolism of phenolic and terpenoid compounds have been developed because of the advances in analytical chemistry and metabolomics approaches. The purpose of this review is to show the role of analytical chemistry and metabolomics in this field of knowledge. In this context, the different steps of the analytical chemistry workflow (design study, sample treatment, analytical techniques and data processing) applied in bioavailability and metabolism in vivo studies are detailed, as well as the most relevant results obtained from them.     

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Amino Acid Methyl Ester 5′-Phosphoramidates of 2′,3′-Isopropylideneuridine

Amino acid methyl ester phosphates were synthesized and determined by using positive-ion mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(ESIMS) in combination with multistage tandem mass spectrometry. The fragmentation pathways were investigated, and it was observed that most fragment ions contained the phosphoryl group. It was interesting to observe that the fragmentation pathways of the protonated molecule show some differences when compared with those of the sodium ion adduct. The methoxy group of amino acid methyl ester can migrate from the carbonyl group to the phosphoryl group in the sodium ion adduct.     

Seed priming with cold plasma improved seedling performance,secondary metabolism,and expression of deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase gene in Catharanthus roseus

The plasma-primed seeds of Catharanthus roseus were cultured in a hormone-free culture medium under sterile conditions. Plasma of 30 or 60 s improved root length (mean = 41.4%) and biomass (mean = 47%), whereas plasma of 90 s delayed plant growth. The plasma treatments enhanced concentrations of photosynthetic pigments and soluble phenols. Plasma of 90 s increased the proline level. With a similar trend, plasma priming induced activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, catalase (about twofold) and peroxidase (31%) enzymes. Plasma also upregulated the expressions of deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase gene by an average of 7.8 times. Similarly, the plasma-treated seedlings contained higher concentrations of alkaloids (mean = 72%). Here, molecular evidence is provided on the plasma-associated modifications in secondary metabolism.     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法非靶向筛查苹果中苯脲类农药

建立了超高效液相色谱－四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱（UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS）非靶向筛查苹果中苯脲类农药的方法。样品采用QuEChERS法提取净化,Acquity BEH C18色谱柱（100 mm × 2.1 mm,1.7 μm）分离,以甲醇和含0.1%甲酸的水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,在电喷雾正离子模式下采用四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱进行检测。将13种苯脲类除草剂和9种苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂按化学结构分为4类。首先通过对4类22种典型苯脲类农药标准品的准分子离子和二级质谱碎片进行分析,总结苯脲类农药的质谱裂解规律如下：绿麦隆等9种苯脲类除草剂的主要特征离子碎片为m/z 72.044 59,可通过特征丢失中性分子二甲胺（m/z 45.058 03）产生特征离子碎片;绿谷隆等4种苯脲类除草剂可通过特征丢失中性分子甲醇［CH3OH］或卤化氢［HR1］（R=Cl,Br,F）产生离子碎片;除虫脲等7种含氟苯甲酰脲杀虫剂的主要特征离子碎片为 m/z 158.040 47、141.015 00,也可发生特征中性丢失2,6-氟苯甲酰胺结构［C8H3F2O2NH2］（m/z 183.013 21）;杀铃脲等2种含氯苯甲酰脲类杀虫剂的主要特征离子碎片为m/z 156.020 25、138.993 76、113.015 28。利用该方法对北京12份市售苹果进行非靶向筛查,在1份样品中筛查出绿麦隆。该方法可为快速筛查农产品中相似结构特征的苯脲类化合物提供参考。     

吉西他滨类似物的设计、合成及体外抗肿瘤活性

吉西他滨是临床一线治疗恶性肿瘤的药物,但其4-位氨基(N4)易与脱氧胞苷脱氨酶(CDA)作用而失活,导致代谢稳定性差,严重影响了临床治疗效果。以吉西他滨为起始原料,经3步反应合成了N4保护的脂溶性吉西他滨衍生物(3a和3b),其结构经1H NMR,13C NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。体外活性测试结果显示:化合物3a对多种肿瘤细胞的抗增殖作用均强于临床药物吉西他滨(P<0.05)。酶稳定性实验结果表明:3a几乎不受CDA影响,代谢稳定性显著高于原药吉西他滨。     

CH3O和CO在Pd(111)表面偶联反应机理的理论研究

采用DMol³程序包中的GGA-PW91方法, 结合周期平板模型, 对CH₃O和CO在Pd(111)表面的反应进行了系统研究. 计算结果表明, 吸附在Pd(111)表面顶位上的CO分子中C原子所带正电荷最多, 容易与亲核试剂反应, 化学吸附能稍低, 有利于在表面上移动发生亲电插入反应; CH₃O 在Pd(111)表面fcc穴位吸附稳定, O原子上所带的负电荷较多, 易被亲电试剂进攻. 过渡态搜索表明, Pd(111)表面顶位上的CO与fcc穴位上CH₃O反应生成CH₃OOC的为放热反应, 反应能垒较低, 有利于偶联反应的进行.     

A Multivalent Ligand for the Mannose‐6‐Phosphate Receptor for Endolysosomal Targeting of an Activity‐Based Probe

The ubiquitously expressed mannose‐6‐phosphate receptors (MPRs) are a promising class of receptors for targeted compound delivery into the endolysosomal compartments of a variety of cell types. The development of a synthetic, multivalent, mannose‐6‐phosphate (M6P) glycopeptide‐based MPR ligand is described. The conjugation of this ligand to fluorescent DCG‐04, an activity‐based probe for cysteine cathepsins, enabled fluorescent readout of its receptor‐targeting properties. The resulting M6P‐cluster–BODIPY–DCG‐04 probe was shown to efficiently label cathepsins in cell lysates as well as in live cells. Furthermore, the introduction of the 6‐O‐phosphates leads to a completely altered uptake profile in COS and dendritic cells compared to a mannose‐containing ligand. Competition with mannose‐6‐phosphate abolished all uptake of the probe in COS cells, and we conclude that the mannose‐6‐phosphate cluster targets the MPR and ensures the targeted delivery of cargo bound to the cluster into the endolysosomal pathway.     

Energy‐resolved technique for discovery and identification of malonyl‐triterpene saponins in Caulophyllum robustum by UHPLC‐electrospray Fourier transform mass spectrometry

Malonyl‐triterpene saponins (MTSs) attract scientific attentions because of their structural diversities and valuable bioactivities. However, its thermal instability brings a huge amount of challenges for isolation and purification of this class of compounds. To our best knowledge, there has been no report on isolation and analysis of MTSs from genus Caulophyllum. In this study, a strategy combining data acquisition using an energy‐resolved technique and the narrow widow extracted ion chromatograms as data mining method was developed for discovery and identification of MTSs in Caulophyllum robustum hair roots by ultra high liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry. The method was performed at an independent MS full scan using our bottom‐up energies by in‐source collision induced dissociations with 0, 25, 50 and 100 eV in both positive and negative modes. Precursor ion as well as fragment ion information was simultaneously collected from four energy‐resolved MS spectra in a single run of 18 min. The fragmentation pathways of intact deprotonated, protonated and sodium ions of MTSs were proposed for the structural elucidation of Caulophyllum MTSs. A flowchart involving a stepwise procedure based on key fragments from ESI^?/ESI⁺‐FT‐MS^{(1, 1)} to MS^{(1, 4)} spectra was constructed for the identification of structural elements in the MTSs. As a result, a total of 23 MTSs were discovered and tentatively identified, which had not been reported from Caulophyllum species before. All of these were potentially new compounds. This study provides an excellent example for discovery and identification of MTSs in herb medicines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

甘油在微生物代谢合成及生物催化中的应用

生物柴油是一种可再生能源,因其可替代石油来源的柴油而日益受到重视。随着生物柴油工业的蓬勃发展,其制备过程中的主要副产物甘油出现明显的产能过剩。作为一种廉价的清洁资源,甘油的深度开发和利用既是发展生物柴油工业的关键,也符合绿色化学的发展要求。近年来,甘油不仅作为重要的起始原料用于一些高附加值化学品的制备,而且因其独特的理化性质和易降解、生物相容性好等特性,在生物催化和绿色溶剂领域的应用研究日趋活跃。本文主要综述了甘油在工业微生物发酵、生物合成和绿色溶剂领域的研究进展,并就其应用中存在的一些问题,如甘油原料品质和微生物利用效率等进行分析,同时展望了甘油在生物催化领域的应用前景。