Determination of metoprolol enantiomers in human urine by GC-MS using (−)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride as a chiral derivatizing agent

Summary A method for the assay of R-(+)- and S-(−)- metoprolol in human urine has been developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method involved purification by liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization with N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide to form an O-silyl ether, followed by subsequent chiral derivatization with (−)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetyl chloride to form diastereomeric amide. The reaction was rapid and the diastereomeric derivatives were well resolved. Quantitation was performed by selected-ion monitoring of fragment ions of the diastereomers in electron impact ionization mode. No racemization was found during the reaction. The detection limit was 0.5 ng·mL⁻¹. The intra-day variation ranged between 0.38 and 7.86% in relation to the measured concentration and inter-day variation was 2.26–8.06%. The method has been applied to the determination of R-(+)-and S-(−)- metoprolol in human urine from healthy volunteers dosed with racemic metoprolol tartrate.     

在线分离光度法测定痕量金的研究

本提出了一种泡沫塑料柱在线分离富集／β－环糊精－十二烷基苯磺酸钠溶液在线洗脱／硫代米蚩酮光度法测定痕量金的新方法。方法的检测出限是３×１０＾－＾８ｇＡｕ，线性范围是５×１０＾－＾７－８×１０＾－＾６Ａｕ，对于１．０μｇＡｕ进行１１次测定，相对标准偏差小于３．０％。     

液膜法处理含氟废水

为了防止含氟废水的污染,人们研究了多种除氟方法,液膜技术是一项新的分离工艺,它操作简单,试剂用量少,有机相可重复利用。本文利用伯胺作迁移载体处理高含量的含氟废水,分离效率较好。 伯胺N_(1923)(简写RNH_2)为流动载体,上胺N_(205)(上海石油化工厂)为表面活性剂,煤油为溶剂。将内相CaCl_2,溶液与油相(含N_(1923)、N_(205)和煤油)按一定体积比例混合,高速搅拌,制成W/O     

吸附理论的研究进展及其在吸附分离中的应用

综述了吸附理论的进展及其在吸附分离中的应用,并介绍了对气体分离过程至关重要的混合气的吸附模型或关联式。     

The effects of polymer chain rigidification, zeolite pore size and pore blockage on polyethersulfone (PES)-zeolite A mixed matrix membranes

The polyethersulfone (PES)-zeolite 3A, 4A and 5A mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were fabricated with a modified solution-casting procedure at high temperatures close to the glass transition temperatures (T_g) of polymer materials. The effects of membrane preparation methodology, zeolite loading and pore size of zeolite on the gas separation performance of these mixed matrix membranes were studied. SEM results show the interface between polymer and zeolite in MMMs experiencing natural cooling is better (i.e., less defective) than that in MMMs experiencing immediate quenching. The increment of glass transition temperature (T_g) of MMMs with zeolite loading confirms the polymer chain rigidification induced by zeolite. The experimental results indicate that a higher zeolite loading results in a decrease in gas permeability and an increase in gas pair selectivity. The unmodified Maxwell model fails to correctly predict the permeability decrease induced by polymer chain rigidification near the zeolite surface and the partial pore blockage of zeolites by the polymer chains. A new modified Maxwell model is therefore proposed. It takes the combined effects of chain rigidification and partial pore blockage of zeolites into calculation. The new model shows much consistent permeability and selectivity predication with experimental data. Surprisingly, an increase in zeolite pore size from 3 to 5 Å generally not only increase gas permeability, but also gas pair selectivity. The O₂/N₂ selectivity of PES-zeolite 3A and PES-zeolite 4A membranes is very similar, while the O₂/N₂ selectivity of PES-zeolite 5A membranes is much higher. This implies the blockage may narrow a part of zeolite 5A pores to approximately 4 Å, which can discriminate the gas pair of O₂ and N₂, and narrow a part of zeolites 3A and 4A pores to smaller sizes. It is concluded that the partial pore blockage of zeolites by the polymer chains has equivalent or more influence on the separation properties of mixed matrix membranes compared with that of the polymer chain rigidification.     

Phase separation of symmetrical polymer mixtures in thin-film geometry

Monte Carlo simulations of the bond fluctuation model of symmetrical polymer blends confined between two neutral repulsive walls are presented for chain lengthN _A=N _B=32 and a wide range of film thicknessD (fromD=8 toD=48 in units of the lattice spacing). The critical temperaturesT _c (D) of unmixing are located by finite-size scaling methods, and it is shown that , wherev ₃0.63 is the correlation length exponent of the three-dimensional Ising model universality class. Contrary to this result, it is argued that the critical behavior of the films is ruled by two-dimensional exponents, e.g., the coexistence curve (difference in volume fraction of A-rich and A-poor phases) scales as , where ₂ is the critical exponent of the two-dimensional Ising universality class ( ₂=1/8). Since for largeD this asymptotic critical behavior is confined to an extremely narrow vicinity ofT _c (D), one observes in practice effective exponents which gradually cross over from ₂ to ₃ with increasing film thickness. This anomalous flattening of the coexistence curve should be observable experimentally.     

Enantiomeric resolution of anti-HIV agents on a cellulose derivative chiral stationary phase

Summary Anti-HIV enantiomeric 1H, 3H-thiazolo[3, 4-a] benzimidazoles have been stereospecifically analyzed by elution on a column of cellulose tris-(4-methyl-phenylbenzoate)ester adsorbed on macroporous silica (Chiralcel^R OJ).The enantiomeric resolution of the compounds examined is linked to a complex and competitive contribution of different factors.     

Misclassification minimization

The problem of minimizing the number of misclassified points by a plane, attempting to separate two point sets with intersecting convex hulls inn-dimensional real space, is formulated as a linear program with equilibrium constraints (LPEC). This general LPEC can be converted to an exact penalty problem with a quadratic objective and linear constraints. A Frank-Wolfe-type algorithm is proposed for the penalty problem that terminates at a stationary point or a global solution. Novel aspects of the approach include: (i) A linear complementarity formulation of the step function that counts misclassifications, (ii) Exact penalty formulation without boundedness, nondegeneracy or constraint qualification assumptions, (iii) An exact solution extraction from the sequence of minimizers of the penalty function for a finite value of the penalty parameter for the general LPEC and an explicitly exact solution for the LPEC with uncoupled constraints, and (iv) A parametric quadratic programming formulation of the LPEC associated with the misclassification minimization problem.This material is based on research supported by Air Force Office of Scientific Research Grant F49620-94-1-0036 and National Science Foundation Grants CCR-9101801 and CDA-9024618.     

Weak separation properties for self-similar sets

We develop a theory for self-similar sets in that fulfil the weak separation property of Lau and Ngai, which is weaker than the open set condition of Hutchinson.