Measurement of Reflected and Scattered Light for Monitoring Fluctuation of Structures

A laser spectroscopic technique for studying fluctuations of structural objects is presented, together with some results of our investigations including an observation of forced vibration of a refrigerator, intrinsic vibrations of buildings, and appearance of a fluctuation in rotational speed due to fatigue. An alternative detection technique which uses the scattered light for monitoring in place of the mirror-reflected beam is also presented. A leak of water out of a pipeline was detected with this method.

The results obtained with this laser spectroscopic technique should form a useful collection of data regarding fluctuation analysis of various objects.     

Food safety issues of high pressure processed fruit/vegetable juices

The food safety issues of the high pressure pasteurized fruit/vegetable juices are the focus of this paper. The development of Hazard analysis and critical control points system for production of carrot, red beet and apple/broccoli/orange juice is given together with results of analysis of samples, challenge testing and storage tests. The anti-mutagenic activity in vitro tests are also presented. Procedures have been established for the start-up of experimental production of mentioned juices for the Czech food market. The development of other types of juices based on cruciferous vegetables is mentioned. The aim of this work is to provide the Czech population with information on functional foods that act against chemical mutagens, limiting carcinogenesis.     

Buck变换器的输出短路火花放电能量及输出本质安全判据

为得出Buck变换器的输出本质安全判据, 基于安全火花试验装置, 对其输出短路火花放电特性进行了试验研究, 发现其放电过程可分为介质击穿、火花产生、火花维持和火花熄灭四个阶段.基于得出的火花放电特性, 对其输出短路火花放电能量进行了深入分析, 指出对于给定电感的Buck变换器, 当负载电阻 R_L小于给定电感对应的临界电阻R_LC时, 火花放电能量是关于R_L的凹函数; 而在R_L > R_LC时, 是关于R_L的凸函数.考虑到实际的参数取值范围, 进一步指出: R_L < R_LC时的火花放电能量随R_L的增加而增大, 且在R_L=R_LC时达到最大值; 而在R_L > R_LC时, 则随着R_L的增加, 先增大后减小, 在增加到特征电阻R_{L, DCM}时达到最大值. 得出了变换器在全动态范围内的最危险工况: 变换器在输入电压最高及负载电阻等于R_{L, DCM} 时工作于DCM, 此时, 短路火花放电能量达到最大值.基于能量等效, 提出了可模拟变换器输出短路放电特性的等效简单电容电路及输出本质安全判据, 仿真和试验结果验证了理论分析及所提出判据的正确性和可行性. 关键词： Buck变换器 本质安全 短路火花放电能量 输出本质安全判据     

The effect of laser fluctuation statistics upon detection probability

The effects of laser beam irradiance fluctuations, such as speckle and scintillation, upon optical beam detection probability are examined in an entirely statistical context. The optical detector is assumed to possess a non-linear integrated log-normal response function, as is normally ascribed to the eye. Various statistical distribution functions purported to model these fluctuations accurately are examined from both numerical and analytical standpoints. The numerical results indicate that different models for fluctuation statistics predict detector threshold probabilities which differ from each other by more than 10%. Such variations may be significant in calculations relating to eye safety.     

Laser radiation hazards

Lasers are being employed in an increasingly diverse range of applications, but laser safety is rightly a topic of current concern. This paper considers the radiometry of laser exposure, briefly reviews the biological mechanisms of laser damage, and discusses the ways in which laser safety standards are applied to ensure safe operation of laser equipment.     

Application of arsenic to electrophotoreceptors

Arsenic has been applied to many electronic devices such as electrophotoreceptors, gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductors and solid-state image pickup devices. For electrophotoreceptors selenium–arsenic (Se? As) alloys are coated onto the conductive substrate of the receptors. Arsenic is mostly used in electophotoreceptors in electronic devices. During the coating process, a part of the gaseous arsenic is released through an exhaust system. In order to avoid arsenic being discharged to the atmosphere, bag filters and high-efficiency particulate air filters are set before the exhaust port. Any arsenic which still exists in the waste water after washing tools and jigs from the coating process is collected by sedimentation before discharging. The Ames salmonella/microsome plate test for As₂Se₃ indicated no mutagenic activity under the test system used. For the safety of workers engaged in arsenic-related jobs, they received a medical examination once every six months. No negative trends from the examination was found in 428 men who received the examination from Autumn 1980 to Spring 1987.     

Analysis of radiation environmental safety for China＇s Spallation Neutron Source （CSNS）

The China Spallation Neutron Source（CSNS） is going to be located in Dalang Town,Dongguan City in the Guangdong Province.In this paper we report the results of the parameters related with environment safety based on experiential calculations and Monte Carlo simulations.The main project of the accelerator is an under ground construction.On top there is a 0.5 m concrete and 5.0 m soil covering for shielding,which can reduce the dose out of the tunnel＇s top down to 0.2 μSv/h.For the residents on the boundary of the CSNS,the dose produced by skyshine,which is caused by the penetrated radiation leaking from the top of the accelerator,is no more than 0.68 μSv/a.When CSNS is operating normally,the maximal annual effective dose due to the emission of gas from the tunnel is 2.40×10-3 mSv/a to the public adult,and 2.29×10-3 mSv/a to a child,both values are two orders of magnitude less than the limiting value for control and management.CSNS may give rise to an activation of the soil and groundwater in the nearest tunnels,where the main productions are 3H,7Be,22Na,54Mn,etc.But the specific activity is less than the exempt specific activity in the national standard GB13376-92.So it is safe to say that the environmental impact caused by the activation of soil and groundwater is insignificant.To sum up,for CSNS,as a powerful neutron source device,driven by a highenergy high-current proton accelerator,a lot of potential factors affecting the environment exist.However,as long as effective shieldings for protection are adopted and strict rules are drafted,the environmental impact can be kept under control within the limits of the national standard.     

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Combined with Electrochemical Sensors for Food Contaminants Analysis

Detection of relevant contaminants using screening approaches is a key issue to ensure food safety and respect for the regulatory limits established. Electrochemical sensors present several advantages such as rapidity; ease of use; possibility of on-site analysis and low cost. The lack of selectivity for electrochemical sensors working in complex samples as food may be overcome by coupling them with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). MIPs are synthetic materials that mimic biological receptors and are produced by the polymerization of functional monomers in presence of a target analyte. This paper critically reviews and discusses the recent progress in MIP-based electrochemical sensors for food safety. A brief introduction on MIPs and electrochemical sensors is given; followed by a discussion of the recent achievements for various MIPs-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants analysis. Both electropolymerization and chemical synthesis of MIP-based electrochemical sensing are discussed as well as the relevant applications of MIPs used in sample preparation and then coupled to electrochemical analysis. Future perspectives and challenges have been eventually given.     

大一学生实验室安全教育实效研究*

为考查线上线下混合安全教育模式实施后的实际效果,对天津理工大学化工、环安、机械、材料学院2020级大一学生进行实验室安全知识测试。结果表明:接受线上线下混合安全教育的大一学生安全知识的掌握情况较好;不足之处在于学生普遍对应急处置知识掌握较差。因此,在后续安全教育过程中,仍需进一步优化安全教育内容与模式,全面推进全员、全程安全教育。