γ噪Blazar天体的γ射线和近红外光辐射研究

收集了29个有γ噪的Blazar天体(其中有16个BL Lac天体和13个平谱射电类星体)的近红外流量密度和γ射线流量密度,获得以下主要结果:1)23个天体中的γ射线流量密度和近红外流量密度在低态时存在较强的相关性而在高态时有弱的相关性.2)在29个天体中,有6个天体只有一个观测数据点,将其认为是高态时,γ射线流量密度与近红外光流量密度之间有弱相关性,而认为是低态时有强相关性.3)29个源的γ射线流量密度与X射线流量密度在低态时有相关性,但是γ射线流量与光学流量密度,γ射线流量与射电流量密度均没有相关性.4)在16个BL Lac天体中γ射线流量与近红外光流量不论在高态还是低态都有相关性,而13个平谱射电类星体没有相关性.讨论了γ噪Blazar天体的γ射线辐射机制,认为γ射线的辐射机制主要是同步自康普顿散射.而逆康普顿散射来自绕中心核且温度约为2000K的尘埃,这些尘埃的区域大约有r=3pc,聚束的相对论电子也可能是这种尘埃模型辐射机制的一个重要补充.平谱射电类星体和BL Lac天体的γ辐射机制可能有些不同. 关键词： Blazar天体 星系γ射线观测辐射机制 非热辐射     

Noise effects in two different biological systems

We investigate the role of the colored noise in two biological systems: (i) adults of Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), and (ii) polymer translocation. In the first system we analyze, by directionality tests, the response of N. viridula individuals to subthreshold signals plus noise in their mating behaviour. The percentage of insects that react to the subthreshold signal shows a nonmonotonic behaviour, characterized by the presence of a maximum, as a function of the noise intensity. This is the signature of the non-dynamical stochastic resonance phenomenon. By using a “soft” threshold model we find that the maximum of the input-output cross correlation occurs in the same range of noise intensity values for which the behavioural activation of the insects has a maximum. Moreover this maximum value is lowered and shifted towards higher noise intensities, compared to the case of white noise. In the second biological system the noise driven translocation of short polymers in crowded solutions is analyzed. An improved version of the Rouse model for a flexible polymer is adopted to mimic the molecular dynamics by taking into account both the interactions between adjacent monomers and the effects of a Lennard-Jones potential between all beads. The polymer dynamics is simulated in a two-dimensional domain by numerically solving the Langevin equations of motion in the presence of thermal fluctuations and a colored noise source. At low temperatures or for strong colored noise intensities the translocation process of the polymer chain is delayed. At low noise intensity, as the polymer length increases, we find a nonmonotonic behaviour for the mean first translocation time of the polymer centre of inertia. We show how colored noise influences the motion of short polymers, by inducing two different regimes of translocation in the dynamics of molecule transport.     

Electrical conductivity in very anisotropic conductors and semiconductors

Summary For very anisotropic metallic and semiconducting systems it is shown that the electrical conductivity in the direction of high effective mass decreases as the number of electrons in the conduction band grows. In the other directions the conductivity behaves normally.

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Riassunto Si mostra che, per sistemi semiconduttori e metallici anisotropi, la conduttività elettrica nella direzione di massa altamente efficace diminuisce all'aumentare del numero di elettroni nella banda di conduzione. Nelle altre direzioni la conduttività si comporta normalmente.

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Резюме Для очень анизотропных металлических и полупроводниковых систем показывается, что электропропроводность в направлении большой эффективной массы уменьшается, когда число электронов в зоне проводимости увеличивается. В других направлениях проводимость ведет себя нормальным образом.

     

Mechanisms and origin of multiferroicity

Motivated by the potential applications of their intrinsic cross-coupling properties, the interest in multiferroic materials has constantly increased recently, leading to significant experimental and theoretical advances. From the theoretical point of view, recent progresses have allowed one to identify different mechanisms responsible for the appearance of ferroelectric polarization coexisting—and coupled—with magnetic properties. This chapter aims at reviewing the fundamental mechanisms devised so far, mainly in transition-metal oxides, which lie at the origin of multiferroicity.     

Effect of ultrasound on heterogeneous systems

Examples of sonochemical reactions occuring under heterogeneous conditions are discussed with respect to their mechanism. The activation of a metal surface involves complex phenomena, in which parameters of importance seem to be the hardness and the adhesion of the passivating layer. Some considerations are given on the probable link between sonochemistry and tribochemistry.     

Collision-induced fragmentation and neutralization of methanol cluster cations

This contribution addresses the inelastic interaction of positively charged molecular cluster ions with a solid surface at kinetic energies up to 30 eV/molecule. We report experimental results on the scattering of mass-selected, protonated methanol cluster cations (CH₃OH)_nH⁺, n = 4-32, off a diamond-coated silicon surface. In particular we provide fragment size distributions of methanol cluster ions following their impact on the target, as well as surface-induced neutralization probabilities of methanol cluster ions as a function of the size and the kinetic energy of the parent clusters. Received 30 November 2000     

Transport and Coulomb drag for two interacting carbon nanotubes

We study nonlinear transport for two coupled one-dimensional quantum wires or carbon nanotubes described by Luttinger liquid theory. Transport properties are shown to crucially depend on the contact length L _c. For a special interaction strength, the problem can be solved analytically for arbitrary L _c. For point-like contacts and strong interactions, a qualitatively different picture compared to a Fermi liquid emerges, characterized by zero-bias anomalies and strong dependence on the applied cross voltage. In addition, pronounced Coulomb drag phenomena are important for extended contacts. Received 28 July 2000     

Modelling work hardening of aluminium alloys containing dispersoids

The influence of dispersoids on tensile deformation behaviour has been studied by comparison of aluminium alloys containing different dispersoid densities. It was found that a fine dispersion of non-shearable particles led to an increased work hardening at the initial plastic deformation, but the effect was opposite at higher strains. The reason has been attributed to the generation of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs). A new model has been proposed for the evolution of GNDs based on a balance of storage and dynamic recovery of GNDs. The model predicts a rapid saturation of GNDs and a reduced work hardening at small strains, consistent with the experimental results.     

In situ studies of microbial inactivation during high pressure processing

High pressure processing (HPP) has been shown to reduce microbial concentration in foods. The mechanisms of microbial inactivation by HPP have been associated with damage to cell membranes. The real-time response of bacteria to HPP was measured to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation, which can aid in designing more effective processes. Different pressure cycling conditions were used to expose Enterobacter aerogenes cells to HPP. Propidium iodide (PI) was used as a probe, which fluoresces after penetrating cells with damaged membranes and binding with nucleic acids. A HPP vessel with sapphire windows was used for measuring fluorescence in situ. Membrane damage was detected during pressurization and hold time, but not during depressurization. The drop in fluorescence was larger than expected after pressure cycles at higher pressure and longer times. This indicated possible reversible disassociation of ribosomes resulting in additional binding of PI to exposed RNA under pressure and its release after depressurization.