基于发展化学核心素养的概念教学——以“认识溶液”为例

化学概念不仅是基础知识的组成部分,还承载着发展学生思维能力的功能。以初中化学教学“认识溶液”为例,根据学情和教学内容整合了丰富的实验、媒体、社会等素材,从宏观到微观,从证据到推理,从科学精神到社会责任,促进了学生学科思维和意识的协同发展,获得良好的教学效果。     

石墨相氮化碳/蒙脱石复合材料的制备及其可见光催化性能

为提高石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)对可见光的利用率及光催化效率,采用热聚合与直接负载等方法,将g-C₃N₄负载于蒙脱石表面,制备了g-C₃N₄/蒙脱石复合光催化材料,其结构经SEM, FT-IR及XRD表征。以罗丹明B(RhB)为目标污染物,研究了不同负载量g-C₃N₄/蒙脱石复合光催化剂的可见光催化性能。并分别以对苯醌、碘化钾和异丙醇为自由基捕获剂,研究了复合材料的光催化机理。结果表明：当g-C₃N₄的质量分数为83%(CN/M-83%)时,RhB经可见光照射1 h后,降解率达到99.2%。光催化速率常数为纯g-C₃N₄光催化速率常数的3.2倍。     

Recent Progress on Two-dimensional Electrocatalysis

Due to their unique electronic and structural properties triggered by high atomic utilization and easy surface modification, two-dimensional(2D) materials have prodigious potential in electrocatalysis for energy conversion technology in recent years. In this review, we discuss the recent progress on two-dimensional nanomaterials for electrocatalysis. Five categories including metals, transition metal compounds, non-metal, metal-organic framework and other emerging 2D nanomaterials are successively introduced. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of 2D materials for electrocatalysis are also prospected. We hope this review may be helpful for guiding the design and application of 2D nanomaterials in energy conversion technologies.     

Ni3S2@碳纳米管复合材料的制备及其储钠性能

采用一步固相煅烧工艺制备了碳纳米管原位封装Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒（Ni₃S₂@CNT）,并研究了其作为钠离子电池（SIBs）负极材料的电化学性能. 通过X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、循环伏安测试、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗等研究了Ni₃S₂@CNT的物相结构、形貌特征以及电化学性能. 电化学测试表明,材料在100 mA·g ^-1电流密度下,放电容量可以达到541.6 mAh·g ^-1,甚至在2000 mA·g ^-1的大电流密度下其放电比容量也可以维持在274.5 mAh·g ^-1. 另外,材料在100 mA·g ^-1电流密度下,经过120周充放电循环后其放电和充电比容量仍然可以保持在374.5 mAh·g ^-1和359.3 mAh·g ^-1,说明其具有良好倍率性能和循环稳定性能. 良好的电化学性能归因于这种独特的碳纳米管原位封装Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒结构. 碳纳米管不但可以提高复合材料的导电性,也可以缓冲Ni₃S₂纳米颗粒在反复充放电过程中产生的体积膨胀效应,明显改善了Ni₃S₂@CNT负极复合材料的电化学性能.     

Model-Based Optimization of a Fed-Batch Bioreactor for mAb Production Using a Hybridoma Cell Culture

Production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a well-known method used to synthesize a large number of identical antibodies, which are molecules of huge importance in medicine. Due to such reasons, intense efforts have been invested to maximize the mAbs production in bioreactors with hybridoma cell cultures. However, the optimal control of such sensitive bioreactors is an engineering problem difficult to solve due to the large number of state-variables with highly nonlinear dynamics, which often translates into a non-convex optimization problem that involves a significant number of decision (control) variables. Based on an adequate kinetic model adopted from the literature, this paper focuses on developing an in-silico (model-based, offline) numerical analysis of a fed-batch bioreactor (FBR) with an immobilized hybridoma culture to determine its optimal feeding policy by considering a small number of control variables, thus ensuring maximization of mAbs production. The obtained time stepwise optimal feeding policies of FBR were proven to obtain better performances than those of simple batch operation (BR) for all the verified alternatives in terms of raw material consumption and mAbs productivity. Several elements of novelty (i–iv) are pointed out in the “conclusions” section (e.g., considering the continuously added biomass as a control variable during FBR).     

Promotion of oxidative desulfurization performance of model fuel by 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO2 material

Phosphotungstic acid (HPW) supported on Ce-doped three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) TiO₂ catalysts are studied in catalytic oxidation desulfurization (ODS) of model oil. The structural and textural of as-synthesized catalysts are characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, FT-IR, XPS, UV–Vis and ICP. These results upheld the existence of periodically arranged macroporous structure of catalyst, with Keggin-type of HPW dispersed homogeneously on TiO₂ matrix. Among these 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ materials, catalyst with 15 wt.% cerium dosage exhibits best ODS performance, which oxidized 99.8% of dibenzothiophene (DBT) into corresponding sulfone within 40 min. The excellent ODS performance of 3DOM Ce-doped HPW/TiO₂ catalyst is related to the common influence of more oxygen vacancies produced by electron transformation between Ce³⁺ and Ce⁴⁺. The chemisorbed oxygen on the surface catalyst will facilitate the selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfones. Moreover, the 3DOM structure of catalyst will further promote the mass transfer of reactants and products on the pore channel. The as-prepared catalyst shows excellent reusability in the ODS system, no obviously decrease in catalytic activity even after 6 runs.     

Contact vibration analysis of the functionally graded material coated half-space under a rigid spherical punch

This paper studies the contact vibration problem of an elastic half-space coated with functionally graded materials (FGMs) subject to a rigid spherical punch. A static force superimposing a dynamic time-harmonic force acts on the rigid spherical punch. Firstly, we give the static contact problem of FGMs by a least-square fitting approach. Next, the dynamic contact pressure is solved by employing the perturbation method. Lastly, the dynamic contact stiffness with different dynamic contact displacement conditions is derived for the FGM coated half-space. The effects of the gradient index, coating thickness, internal friction, and punch radius on the dynamic contact stiffness factor are discussed in detail.     

三维大孔TiO2光催化剂的制备及其催化性能

 以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微球为模板,以钛酸正丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有三维结构的大孔TiO2. 采用差示扫描量热、热重-微分热重、X射线衍射、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和氮气吸附等手段对样品进行了表征. 结果表明,高温热处理后得到的三维大孔TiO2光催化剂的孔径为200 nm左右,孔径分布均匀, TiO2纳米晶粒中锐钛矿相和金红石相的含量分别为82%和18%. 光催化氧化实验表明,此种三维结构的TiO2对甲基橙溶液具有较好的光催化氧化性能.     

Zr4+离子掺杂对LiFePO4结构及电化学性能的影响

应用固相反应法于惰性气氛下合成掺Zr的L iFePO4正极材料.考察Zr4+掺杂浓度对于目标化合物结构及其电化学性能的影响.XRD,交流阻抗和恒流充放电测试等实验表明,少量的Zr4+掺杂并未影响目标材料产物的结构,反而有利于降低L iFePO4电荷转移反应的阻抗,从而有利于克服该电极过程中的动力学限制.该正极材料表现出优良的倍率放电性能,在0.1C倍率下,L i0.99Zr0.01FePO4的首次放电比容量达135.6mAh.g-1.30次循环后,容量衰减仅3.8%.     

分散剂PVA对水热反应制备LiFePO4性能的影响

应用改进的水热反应法制得粒径小且分布均匀的L iFePO4颗粒,煅烧时加葡萄糖形成包覆碳.XRD、SEM和充放电测试表明,该材料粒径约200 nm,颗粒的尺寸分布比较均匀,具有3.45 V的放电平台,放电容量最高达到140 mAh/g,循环到第40周容量仅衰减2.1%.详细讨论了如何有效调控L iFePO4的粒子尺寸以及包覆碳对其电化学性能的影响.