Single-Atom Electrocatalysts from Multivariate Metal–Organic Frameworks for Highly Selective Reduction of CO2 at Low Pressures

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are of great interest because of their ultrahigh activity and selectivity. However, it is difficult to construct model SACs according to a general synthetic method, and therefore, discerning differences in activity of diverse single-atom catalysts is not straightforward. Herein, a general strategy for synthesis of single-atom metals implanted in N-doped carbon (M₁-N-C; M=Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) has been developed starting from multivariate metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The M₁-N-C catalysts, featuring identical chemical environments and supports, provided an ideal platform for differentiating the activity of single-atom metal species. When employed in electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction, Ni₁-N-C exhibited a very high CO Faradaic efficiency (FE) up to 96.8 % that far surpassed Fe₁-, Co₁- and Cu₁-N-C. Remarkably, the best-performer, Ni₁-N-C, even demonstrated excellent CO FE at low CO₂ pressures, thereby representing a promising opportunity for the direct use of dilute CO₂ feedstock.     

Adaptive nematic liquid crystal lens array with resistive layer

ABSTRACT

We propose an adaptive nematic liquid crystal (LC) lens array using a dielectric layer with low dielectric constant as resistive layer. With the resistive layer and periodic-arranged iridium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes, the vertical electric field across the LC layer varies linearly over the lens aperture is obtained in the voltage-on state. As a result, a centrosymmetric gradient refractive index profile within the LC layer is generated, which causes the focusing behaviour. As a result of the optimisation, a thin cell gap which greatly reduces the switching time of the LC lens array can be achieved in our design. The main advantages of the proposed LC lens array are in the comparatively low operating voltage, the flat substrate surface, the simple electrodes, and the uniform LC cell gap. The simulation results show that the focal length of the LC lens array can be tuned continuously from infinity to 3.99 mm by changing the applied voltage.     

不同色浆质量分数的水性聚氨酯涂料对聚氯乙烯表皮低温爆破性能的影响

本文制备了一系列不同色浆质量分数的水性聚氨酯涂料,并将其喷涂在汽车仪表板聚氯乙烯(PVC)表皮的背面形成复合材料。 用旋转流变仪表征了涂料的粘度以评价其喷涂性能;用差示扫描量热仪表征了材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_g);利用万能材料试验机表征了材料在-30 ℃条件下的拉伸性能及抗撕裂性能;用动态热机械分析仪表征了材料的损耗比随温度的变化。 结果表明:不同色浆质量分数的涂料都能喷涂,含有涂层材料PVC表皮在-30 ℃低温爆破性能与涂层材料的T_g、低温拉伸性能、抗撕裂性能的关系并不大,而与涂层材料的阻尼性能直接相关。 材料的阻尼性能越好,其低温爆破性能越好。     

A Hydrolytically Stable Vanadium(IV) Metal–Organic Framework with Photocatalytic Bacteriostatic Activity for Autonomous Indoor Humidity Control

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with long‐term stability and reversible high water uptake properties can be ideal candidates for water harvesting and indoor humidity control. Now, a mesoporous and highly stable MOF, BIT‐66 is presented that has indoor humidity control capability and a photocatalytic bacteriostatic effect. BIT‐66 (V₃(O)₃(H₂O)(BTB)₂), possesses prominent moisture tunability in the range of 45–60 % RH and a water uptake and working capacity of 71 and 55 wt %, respectively, showing good recyclability and excellent performance in water adsorption–desorption cycles. Importantly, this MOF demonstrates a unique photocatalytic bacteriostatic behavior under visible light, which can effectively ameliorate the bacteria and/or mold breeding problem in water adsorbing materials.     

低压闪蒸液滴形态和温度变化的研究

将液滴在常压下突然置于低压环境中,液滴由最初的平衡状态变成过热状态,发生闪蒸.本文实验研究了低压闪蒸液滴内部形态和温度的变化,系统描述了液滴闪蒸过程中的各种形态变化,总结了稳态闪蒸和稳态结冰过程中环境压力和初始温度对温度变化的影响.实验结果表明液滴闪蒸分六种形态.稳态闪蒸中环境压力越低,液滴的最终温度也越低;液滴的初始温度越高,降到最低温度的时间越长.稳态结冰过程中,液滴初始温度增加,液滴结冰温度和结冰回升最高温度也随之增加;液滴的结冰温度和回升最高温度随环境压力的增高而减小.     

天文观测相机低噪声CCD视频处理电路的分析与设计

在讨论天文观测相机低噪声视频处理电路的基础上,对前置放大、差分放大、可编程增益放大、相关双采样及16bit模数转换等关键组成部分进行了分析,给出各组成部分的设计方法。对所设计的低噪声视频处理电路进行了PSPICE仿真和实验测试,仿真和实验结果表明,该视频处理电路在本身引入噪声较小的同时,有效地抑制了CCD的复位噪声和1/f等低频噪声,使天文观测相机的整机噪声<15e-,达到了指标要求。     

一种新型温湿度测量系统的设计

为了解决传统温湿度测量系统存在的标定和校准过程复杂而引起的精度不高的问题,文中介绍了一种新型的温湿度测量系统。该系统由瑞士SENSIR ION公司新生产的SHT11数字式温湿度传感器和日本NEC公司生产的78F9177Y单片机为核心组成,具有电路简单、免标定、精度高和可靠性好等优点。     

铜-康铜热电偶的低温不均匀性实验研究

从冰点到液氮温度的宽低温区内,对随机选取的铜-康铜热电偶进行了重复性精度标定.测试结果表明,多次断偶重复焊接行为将产生约0.272 mV的标准差.这意味着在液氮条件下,温度测量过程的最大误差将达8.98 ℃.所以,对现场、尤其对深冷区的现场进行精确测温实验中出现的断偶故障,重新焊接后必须重新标定才能继续使用.     

Nd:GGG晶体荧光寿命的测试

针对Nd:GGG激光器,介绍了荧光寿命测试原理,设计了低频窄脉宽荧光寿命测试系统.该系统由光源、光路系统、驱动电路和探测系统等几部分组成.利用脉冲取样技术测试了Nd:GGG晶体的荧光寿命约为250μs左右.     

石英的顺磁中心在电子自旋共振测年中的特性及应用

沉积物的电子自旋共振测年是利用石英矿物中的顺磁中心浓度确定总辐射能量,进而推定石英矿物的埋藏年代。石英中可用于测年的顺磁中心包括E′心、Al心、Ti心和Ge心。E′心需要经过热活化后才能测年。Al心是一种电子空穴心,在低温下可观测到较强的信号值。光照可以使Al心漂白,但有残留值存在。Ti心、Ge心都是电子中心,Ti心在低温测试中可见,信号微弱。Ge心光晒退最敏感,在常温观测中可见。不同顺磁中心的形成机理不同,导致它们具有不同的特性,适用于不同沉积环境中的样品测年,在冰碛物中Ge心测年更具有可行性。电子自旋共振测试时降低温度可使信号增强,Ti心在10 K和15 K时信号强度最大;Al心在20 K时信号最强;Ge心在200 K时信号明显增强。在电子自旋共振测年中可根据不同顺磁中心信号强度的变化调整测试温度获得信号的最优值。在以后的电子自旋共振(ESR)测试中可以选取信号最强时的测试温度进行测试,以增强微弱信号的信噪比,有利于对复杂的信号形态的分辨确定,提高对信号强度定量的准确性。