Utilization of Distillation Residue of 2nd Generation Bioethanol for Fine Chemicals Production

Distillation residue was waste containing huge amount of water. However, it could not through away to environment due to water pollution. Therefore, some treatments were required. Distillation residue of 2^nd generation bioethanol based palm oil empty fruit bunch was hydrothermal liquefied to increase its added value. Process hydrothermal liquefaction was carried out under variation of temperature and reaction time, in an autoclave under inert atmosphere. The product consisted of tar dissolved in water, char and gas. The solid conversion, the tar yields and chemical compounds yields increased by the increasing the reaction temperature. The reaction time did not give significant effect to the conversion and the tar yields (wt %). However, reaction time gave a significant effect to typical chemical compounds in the tar. The typical chemical compounds identified in the tar were acetic acid, phenol, phenol,-2-methoxy and 2-pyrrolidinone. Acetic acid as a fine chemical derived from the distillation residue was recovered as 84% mol after reaction at 325°C for 60min.     

Thermochemical Liquefaction as a Cleaner and Efficient Route for Valuing Pinewood Residues from Forest Fires

Biomass thermochemical liquefaction is a chemical process with multifunctional bio-oil as its main product. Under this process, the complex structure of lignocellulosic components can be hydrolysed into smaller molecules at atmospheric pressure. This work demonstrates that the liquefaction of burned pinewood from forest fires delivers similar conversion rates into bio-oil as non-burned wood does. The bio-oils from four burned biomass fractions (heartwood, sapwood, branches, and bark) showed lower moisture content and higher HHV (ranging between 32.96 and 35.85 MJ/kg) than the initial biomasses. The increased HHV resulted from the loss of oxygen, whereas the carbon and hydrogen mass fractions increased. The highest conversion of bark and heartwood was achieved after 60 min of liquefaction. Sapwood, pinewood, and branches reached a slightly higher conversion, with yields about 8% greater, but with longer liquefaction time resulting in higher energy consumption. Additionally, the van Krevelen diagram indicated that the produced bio-oils were closer and chemically more compatible (in terms of hydrogen and oxygen content) to the hydrocarbon fuels than the initial biomass counterparts. In addition, bio-oil from burned pinewood was shown to be a viable alternative biofuel for heavy industrial applications. Overall, biomass from forest fires can be used for the liquefaction process without compromising its efficiency and performance. By doing so, it recovers part of the lost value caused by wildfires, mitigating their negative effects.     

降低空气中CO2浓度的低温液化法

为了防止封闭型工作环境空气中CO2的含量超标,应用低温液化的方法来分离空气中CO2。对采用级联式液化、氮膨胀液化降低空气中CO2浓度的流程进行了模拟计算和关键参数的比较,得出利用低温液化法从空气中分离出二氧化碳,达到净化空气、改善密闭空间空气品质的方案是可行的。     

弹性地基上HDAJ接头桩的非线性稳定性分析

本文采用弧坐标首先建立了弹性地基中受轴向载荷作用的高柔性抗震拼接头桩(High Ductility Aseis-matic Joint Spliced Pile)的非线性数学模型,并假定土(基础)对桩基的反作用力服从Winkler模型;在此基础上对该模型进行了线性化,并得到HDAJ接头桩的临界载荷。最后根据分叉理论的观点和方法,讨论了HDAJ接头桩在临界载荷处的稳定性问题。研究结果表明HDAJ接头桩在临界载荷附近必发生分叉,且分叉解是唯一的,稳定的,并且给出了分叉解的渐近表达式。物理上,这表示HDAJ接头桩的平衡构形在临界载荷处必然发生改变,并且从一个稳定的平衡构形变化到另一个稳定的平衡构形。同时考察了土的液化对临界载荷的影响,说明液化的影响是非常明显的。当考虑土的液化时,桩基的临界载荷低于不考虑土的液化时桩基的临界载荷。     

煤加氢液化铁催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱研究——Ⅱ.氧化铁在不同反应条件下的转化及催化活性

本文用穆斯堡尔谱学方法跟踪氧化铁催化剂在褐煤液化中随时间的演变过程,同时考察它们在不同S/Fe比系列和不同温度系列中的活性组分及其催化活性。此外,还就超细颗粒进行了探讨。     

Laboratory study on cracks in saturated sands

It has been reported^[1] that when a loosely packed column of saturated sand in a vertical cylindrical container is shock loaded axially by dropping to the floor, large horizontal cracks initiate, grow and eventually fade away in the sand as it settles under gravity. This paper shows that a similar phenomenon can also be observed when shock loading is replaced by forcing water to percolate upward through the sand column. It is believed that our result sheds further light on the physics of formation of these cracks. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19832010) and by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KJ952-S1-202)     

不同液化条件下生物质残渣的燃烧特性研究

对锯屑在不同液化条件（溶剂、气氛、温度、催化剂）下所得液化残渣在热天平上进行了燃烧特性研究,通过比较液化残渣燃烧的三个特征温度,着火点ti、燃烧峰温tp和燃烬温度tb,分析了液化条件对残渣燃烧特性的影响。同时通过热重曲线所得数据探讨了液化残渣燃烧过程的动力学,并计算了活化能和频率因子 。结果表明,不同溶剂下所得液化残渣的燃烧特性显著不同,以四氢萘为溶剂所得液化残渣具有较好的燃烧特性;不同气氛下所得残渣的燃烧特性没有明显的不同;350℃下所得液化残渣的燃烧特性要好于300℃下所得液化残渣的燃烧特性;由于催化剂的影响,加入1%Mo后降低了所得液化残渣的燃烧特性;液化残渣的燃烧反应符合两段一级反应动力学。     

毛竹屑与玉米淀粉共液化产物制备聚氨酯泡沫研究

采用单因素试验设计,研究了液化剂组成、液比以及毛竹屑与淀粉的比例对液化产物理化性质、及所制备的聚氨酯泡沫材料的物理力学指标影响.结果显示当以50%乙二醇+50%碳酸亚乙酯混合物作为液化剂、添加相当于液化剂质量3%的浓硫酸为催化剂、在(150±5)℃(油浴)和常压条件下,液化150min,搅拌速度30r/min,取得本试验条件下最好的竹屑液化效果,液化产物中竹屑含量25%,残渣率3.96%,但该液化产物中天然聚合物碎片含量少,所制备的聚氨酯泡沫材料塌陷;竹屑与玉米淀粉共液化有效提高了液化产物中生物质的含量,但占液化剂质量25%竹屑+占液化剂质量125%玉米淀粉共液化产物粘度太高(8.85Pa.s);而20%竹屑+130%玉米淀粉的共液化产物与4,4′-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯以及各种助剂按异氰酸酯基/羟基摩尔比为1.1配合时,所制备的聚氨酯泡沫材料表观密度为33.6kg/m3、压缩强度118kPa、弹性模量6.91MPa,在周年生物降解试验中,该生物质基聚氨酯硬质泡沫失重率为12.63%.     

甘氨酸水热液化原位拉曼光谱观测及反应动力学分析

随着社会经济的飞速发展,能源短缺问题在世界范围内日益突显。目前,开发利用可再生能源已被我国列为能源发展的优先领域。藻类植物蕴含丰富的生物质能,同时又具有光合效率高、固碳能力强、生长速度快、来源分布广等优势,是公认的可持续绿色清洁能源的发展方向。甘氨酸是藻类水热液化过程中的重要过程反应物,其液化过程中的热动力学性质是认识和优化藻类水热液化技术的基础要素,通过研究甘氨酸水热液化过程可为分析复杂的生物质水热液化反应奠定基础。研究基于熔融石英毛细管反应器（FSCR）高温高压可视反应腔,结合Linkam FTIR600控温台与Andor激光拉曼光谱仪联用,对甘氨酸水溶液在270~290 ℃（压力同于实验环境温度下水饱和蒸气压）条件下的液化过程运用拉曼光谱分析技术开展了原位研究。通过观测5 Wt%甘氨酸溶液中C—C伸缩振动峰（897 cm-1）、C—N 伸缩振动峰（1 031 cm-1）和COO-反对称伸缩峰（1 413 cm-1）在液化过程中的相对拉曼强度变化,深入分析了温度及反应时间对甘氨酸溶液各官能团热分解的影响。运用Avrami的反应动力学模型分析,获取了量化温度对甘氨酸分子中骨架碳链ν（C—C）的特征振动模式热解过程影响的活化能,357 kJ·mol-1,和不同实验温度下的反应速率常数k等一系列相关参数,定量地揭示了甘氨酸液化过程的热动力学性质。实验中发现,在设定相同的液化反应时间（10 min）内,当温度低于290 ℃时,降温后反应腔内能观测到甘氨酸水溶液中ν（C—C）,ν（C—N）,ν_as（COO-）的特征峰,而温度高于290 ℃时则不然,表明甘氨酸的完全液化温度约为290 ℃。该研究运用高温高压可视化实验技术,结合原位拉曼光谱分析技术,厘清了甘氨酸水热液化过程中的不同温度下特征官能团拉曼峰强的变化规律,为深入了解藻类水热液化过程机理、推进生物质能的开发利用提供必要的实验依据,具有重要的科学意义和现实意义。     

常规压缩机混合工质循环气体液化系统研究

小型混合工质低温气体液化系统具有结构简单紧凑、尺寸小型化、投资省、易撬装化、易操作、应用灵活、安全性好等优点,其驱动采用全封闭油润滑压缩机,为常规制冷部件,制造工艺成熟,可市场化采购,成本大大降低。文中介绍搭建的常规压缩机驱动的混合工质低温气体液化实验台,进行了多次实验,并对系统的降温特性、能耗、压缩机性能等进行了测试。实验测试结果表明,常规油润滑压缩机性能稳定、耐用可靠,作为低温气体液化系统的驱动动力是可行的。