超临界水中煤与聚苯乙烯的共液化研究

在间歇式高压反应装置中,研究了兖州烟煤与塑料聚苯乙烯(PS)在超临界水中的共液化,考察了水/物料比(质量比10～30)、反应温度(360℃～430℃)和塑料添加量(10%～40%)对煤液化转化率及产物收率的影响.结果表明,随着水/物料比的增加,煤液化转化率先升高,之后变化不大;油气产率则呈上升的趋势.反应温度高于420...     

煤直接液化残渣及其萃取产物的热重分析

利用热天平考察了神华和胜利两种典型中国煤直接液化残渣及其萃取产物的失重曲线。实验表明,神华残渣和胜利残渣的轻质组分含量相近,其失重率也相近,但轻质组分组成不同使得失重过程并不一致 。升温速率增加,热解最大失重速率增加,最大失重速率温度升高。以残渣各组分失重曲线拟合得到的残渣失重曲线可近似表示残渣的失重曲线。动力学分析表明,由实验数据拟合的活化能和指前因子计算得到的失重曲线,与实际实验得到的失重曲线较为一致。液化残渣在低温区失重率很高,而且这部分失重产物可以通过溶剂萃取的方式得到。     

哈密煤温和液化固体产物的理化性质及热解特性

为了合理利用哈密煤温和液化固体产物(MLS),对MLS的理化性质进行了考察,并利用热重分析技术研究了MLS及其萃取组分的热解特性和各萃取组分在热解过程中的相互作用。结果表明,相比于神华煤直接液化残渣,MLS中重质油含量较高(HS,36%),沥青烯(A,13%)、前沥青烯(PA,9%)含量较低。GC-MS结果表明,HS中烷烃含量较高(41.8%)。红外结果表明,HS中含较多烷烃侧链和取代官能团,A、PA次之,而四氢呋喃不溶物(THFIS)中基本不存在,表明其芳香性较高。MLS中的矿物质主要有液化过程生成的CaCO_3、原煤中的惰性组分SiO_2、NaCl、Al_2O_3·2SiO_2·2H_2O和残留的催化剂转化产物Fe_(1-x)S。热重结果表明,MLS起始热解温度和最大失重峰温均偏低,950℃失重率较高(54%),说明其热解活性较高。MLS各萃取组分在热解过程中存在正负两种相互作用,且与MLS中HS含量有关:当HS含量较高时,HS为MLS热解过程提供小分子自由基以促进挥发分逸出;当脱除部分HS或将HS全部脱除后,MLS各萃取组分中大分子自由基之间相互结合而抑制挥发分逸出。     

秸秆水热液化制备生物质液体燃料的综合性实验设计*

设计了适用于能源化工和应用化学专业本科学生的综合性实验--秸秆水热液化制备生物质液体燃料的研究,旨在提升相关专业高年级本科生的专业素养并拓展其专业视野。实验内容包括原料预处理、秸秆水热液化、产物分离提纯以及组成与性质表征等。学生通过实验操作、仪器使用和数据处理等环节的锻炼,不仅可以丰富其专业知识,还有助于其创新能力和团队协作意识的培养。     

Sulfided heterogeneous,bimetallic Ru/Mo catalysts derived from mixtures of Ru3(CO)12 (or RuCl3) and a molybdenum heteropolyanion: The reactions of ethanol with tetrahydroquinoline

Efforts have been made to develop Ru/Mo bimetallic catalyst systems for hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of tetrahydroquinoline (THQ). In the course of these studies, it was discovered that in ethanol, under hydrogen and in the presence of carbon disulfide (CS₂), precatalyst solutions containing ruthenium [as Ru₃(CO)₁₂ or RuCl₃] and molybdenum [as the H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ heteropolyanion (HPA)] decompose to form bimetallic, sulfided particles. Particle diameters run from 0.1 to 5μm depending on the rate of stirring. Catalyst particles with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 1μm can be prepared reproducibly. BET-measured surface areas for these size particles ranged from 2 to 20m² g^?1. These sulfided particles were found to catalyze, at temperatures of 200–250°C and hydrogen pressures of 200–1000 psig (1.4–6.9 MPa) hydrogen, the N-ethylation of THQ to form N-ethyltetrahydroquinoline (N-Et-THQ), rather than the formation of propylcyclohexane or propylbenzene, reaction products expected for HDN of THQ. Monometallic heterogeneous catalysts prepared from the individual precatalyst complexes, under identical conditions, show minimal activity for N-ethylation by comparison with the bimetallic catalyst. In the absence of hydrogen, the reaction proceeds so that THQ is converted to quinoline, N-Et-THQ, N-C₄H₉-THQ and N-C₆H₁₃-THQ. The latter products appear to arise via acetaldehyde, formed as an intermediate by dehydrogenation of ethanol. Acetaldehyde either condenses with THQ to form N-Et-THQ, or self-condenses (aldol condensation) prior to reaction with THQ, thereby giving higher-homolog alkylation products.     

以标准贯入击数判断场地地震液化的概率方法

对地基的液化情况进行定量化判断已是土木工程界的共识。鉴于目前可靠度理论在岩土工程中因其计算复杂而应用受到限制,本文采用柯尔莫哥洛夫（Koлмогоров）检验方法分析标准贯入击数概率分布规律,在此基础上对临界标准贯入击数的概率分布规律进行适当简化,从而给出了一种可利用标准贯入击数进行液化判断的定量化概率方法,进一步结合工程实例进行分析,提出一些有意义的结论。     

Effects of Surface Waves and Marine Soil Parameters on Seabed Stability

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胶新铁路砂土液化区路基沉降规律研究

地震液化常给人们带来巨大损失,而剪切振动和循环荷载作用下的动力学效应常被认为是地震液化的主要原因,人们对剪切荷载作用下饱和砂土的液化问题进行了较多的研究,而对循环荷载作用下砂土液化的动力学效应研究较少。胶新铁路在DK39+000开始为高地震烈度区,DK283+550~DK283+770分布有地震可液化层,工程修建后列车动荷载的影响将会有诱发砂土液化的可能性。为了研究通车前自然沉降特征和通车后循环荷载作用下的路基沉降变形规律,本文在具体分析了砂土液化的概念和准则判别的基础上,重点分析了砂土液化区路基沉降特征,包括测试断面竖向分层沉降变形特征分析和路基水平位移特征分析。最后在试验的基础上,从理论上给出了循环荷载下砂土的本构关系。     

Modification of the Peng–Robinson equation of state for helium in low temperature regions

Helium shows the nearest behaviour to ideal gas in the room conditions. In contrast, thermodynamic behaviour of helium in the critical region, in which its liquefaction is possible, is extremely complicated. The equation of state (EOS), which is in common use for helium, is the modified Benedict–Webb–Rubin (MBWR) EOS developed by McCarty and Arp which is a 13th-order equation with 32 substance-dependent parameters. MBWR is a complicated EOS and its use is time consuming. In this work, the modified Peng–Robinson EOS introduced by Feyzi et al. is customised with 10 adjustable parameters for helium in the temperature range of 2.20–15.20 K and pressures up to 16 bar. The proposed EOS is able to predict the properties of helium in the vapour–liquid equilibrium (VLE) conditions and in the single gas-phase region. In addition, a temperature-dependent correlation for constant pressure heat capacity of helium from very low up to normal temperatures is proposed. The liquefaction process of helium, which is being done by cooling it to very low temperatures by passing through a Joule–Thomson valve, is predicted by the proposed EOS. Very accurate results are observed.     

煤加氢液化铁催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱研究——Ⅱ.氧化铁在不同反应条件下的转化及催化活性

本文用穆斯堡尔谱学方法跟踪氧化铁催化剂在褐煤液化中随时间的演变过程,同时考察它们在不同S/Fe比系列和不同温度系列中的活性组分及其催化活性。此外,还就超细颗粒进行了探讨。