神府煤与胜利减压渣油共处理反应特性的研究

用共振搅拌反应器研究了神府煤与胜利减压渣油共处理液化的过程,在430 ℃、460 ℃、490 ℃;3 min～18 min,考察了煤的转化率。结果表明,煤油共处理的最佳反应温度为460 ℃,最佳反应时间为15 min,最高转化率为48.56％,反应过程可分为三个阶段：快速裂解加氢阶段、慢速裂解加氢阶段和缩聚反应阶段。采取了胜利减压渣油加氢处理、添加蒽油、煤油共处理三种措施所得苯可溶物作溶剂,结果表明,胜利减压渣油∶蒽＝1∶1作供氢溶剂时煤转化率有较大提高,达到54.11％;加氢处理后的胜利减压渣油供氢效果也不佳;用煤油共处理所得苯可溶物作供氢溶剂在460 ℃、 6 min时达最高转化率 65.33％。     

Acid-Catalyzed Liquefaction of Biomasses from Poplar Clones for Short Rotation Coppice Cultivations

Liquefaction of biomass delivers a liquid bio-oil with relevant chemical and energetic applications. In this study we coupled it with short rotation coppice (SRC) intensively managed poplar cultivations aimed at biomass production while safeguarding environmental principles of soil quality and biodiversity. We carried out acid-catalyzed liquefaction, at 160 °C and atmospheric pressure, with eight poplar clones from SRC cultivations. The bio-oil yields were high, ranging between 70.7 and 81.5%. Average gains of bio-oil, by comparison of raw biomasses, in elementary carbon and hydrogen and high heating, were 25.6, 67, and 74%, respectively. Loss of oxygen and O/C ratios averaged 38 and 51%, respectively. Amounts of elementary carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in bio-oil were 65, 26, and 8.7%, and HHV averaged 30.5 MJkg⁻¹. Correlation analysis showed the interrelation between elementary carbon with HHV in bio-oil or with oxygen loss. Overall, from 55 correlations, 21 significant and high correlations among a set of 11 variables were found. Among the most relevant ones, the percentage of elementary carbon presented five significant correlations with the percentage of O (−0.980), percentage of C gain (0.902), percentage of O loss (0.973), HHV gain (0.917), and O/C loss (0.943). The amount of carbon is directly correlated with the amount of oxygen, conversely, the decrease in oxygen content increases the elementary carbon and hydrogen concentration, which leads to an improvement in HHV. HHV gain showed a strong positive dependence on the percentage of C (0.917) and percentage of C gain (0.943), while the elementary oxygen (−0.885) and its percentage of O loss (0.978) adversely affect the HHV gain. Consequently, the O/C loss (0.970) increases the HHV positively. van Krevelen’s analysis indicated that bio-oils are chemically compatible with liquid fossil fuels. FTIR-ATR evidenced the presence of derivatives of depolymerization of lignin and cellulose in raw biomasses in bio-oil. TGA/DTG confirmed the bio-oil burning aptitude by the high average 53% mass loss of volatiles associated with lowered peaking decomposition temperatures by 100 °C than raw biomasses. Overall, this research shows the potential of bio-oil from liquefaction of SRC biomasses for the contribution of renewable energy and chemical deliverables, and thereby, to a greener global economy.     

硫酸亚铁对两种烟煤直接液化的催化作用

用饱和浸渍法把ＦｅＳＯ４直接担载于山东兖州和山西汾西两种烟煤上。在实验的基础上,结合人工神经网络模型考察了ＦｅＳＯ４浸渍量、反应温度和反应时间对烟煤液化行为的影响,并通过ＸＲＤ和热力学计算探索了ＦｅＳＯ４在煤直接液化反应中可能发生的化学形态变化。结果表明,训练完全的人工神经网络不仅可较好地拟合实验结果,而且可较好地预报反应条件对ＦｅＳＯ４催化活性的影响,ＦｅＳＯ４在煤液化反应时存在着临界浸渍量,当     

煤加氢液化铁催化剂的穆斯堡尔谱研究——Ⅰ.铁硫化物在加氢反应中的转化及活性机理

通过对铁硫化物催化剂及其液化残渣的穆斯堡尔谱测定,研究黄铁矿FeS_2在四氢萘(H_2气氛)中的热分解。由此制备得不同硫含量的铁硫化物催化剂,考察了它们在加氢液化过程中的转化及催化活性。     

神华煤直接液化残渣水蒸气和CO2气化反应性研究

分别对神华煤和神华煤直接液化残渣的水蒸气和CO₂气化反应性进行了研究。结果表明,水蒸气气化反应中,煤半焦的反应性强于残渣半焦;CO₂气化反应中,残渣半焦的反应性强于煤半焦。这主要是影响煤和残渣水蒸气和CO₂气化反应性的关键因素不同。水蒸气气化反应受煤化程度的影响较大,而CO₂气化反应受煤化程度的影响较小,受矿物质催化作用的影响大。     

煤与废塑料共液化中氢转移的示踪试验研究 Ⅱ．富氢塑料中的氢转移

采用放射性同位素3H标记的聚乙烯塑料进行了先锋褐煤与低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）的共液化示踪试验，并考察了钼灰（FAMo）催化剂和不同溶剂的影响，示踪试验结果表明，在先锋煤与LDPE共液化过程中，富氢塑料LDPE中的含氢基团确实起着供氢作用，而且这种含氢基团向煤液化自由基的氢转移无需经过供氢溶剂进行传递，钼灰催化剂能够加速LDPE塑料的供氢作用，使用非供氢溶剂时，在煤与LDPE共液化反应初期，LDPE中的含氢基团在钼灰催化剂作用下较易向煤热裂解产物转移，并出现供氢竞争现象。     

哈密煤温和液化固体产物热解过程中硫的变迁规律

利用固定床反应器研究了哈密煤温和液化固体产物（MLS）在热解过程中含硫气体的释放规律以及不同形态硫的变迁规律，并分析了矿物质对硫变迁规律的影响。结果表明，在实验考察的条件范围内，MLS热解过程中大部分的硫残留在半焦中，仅有不到10%的硫迁移到焦油中或转化为含硫气体逸出。热解生成的含硫气体以H₂S为主，当热解温度为400℃时H₂S的逸出速率达到最大。通过改进方法测定了MLS及其热解半焦中各种形态硫的含量，发现MLS热解过程中以硫化物硫和有机硫的分解和转化为主。随着热解温度的升高，MLS中有机硫逐渐分解并以含硫气体的形式逸出；当热解温度低于600℃时，MLS中硫化物硫逐渐转化为含硫气体、有机硫和少量的黄铁矿硫；当热解温度高于600℃时，MLS中碱性矿物质吸收气相中的H₂S转化为硫化物硫，硫化物硫缓慢增加。醋酸酸洗可以保留MLS中大部分的硫化物硫，且酸洗后MLS热解生成的H₂S逸出速率增大，峰温向低温方向移动；当热解温度高于600℃时，有机硫和硫化物硫的脱硫反应速率降低，并且MLS中的碱性矿物质与H₂S反应生成金属硫化物，导致H₂S逸出速率明显降低。     

灌溉诱发高速黄土滑坡的运动机理

针对黄土高原灌溉诱发的高速黄土滑坡所出现的各种迹象, 本文建立了滑坡体的运动模型。利用变分原理推导出了滑坡体的滑动轨迹、滑速、滑距以及黄土泥流 (液化物质)的流速公式。用这些公式对刘家峡、盐锅峡及八盘峡库区黑方台高速黄土滑坡群发生的全过程进行了模拟计算, 其结果与实际情况-致。