Detecting changes in arabidopsis cell wall composition using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) was previously used to characterize lignocellulosic materials, including woody biomass. ToF‐SIMS can acquire both rapid spectral and spatial information about a sample's surface composition. In the present study, ToF‐SIMS was used to characterize the cell walls of stem tissue from the plant model organism, Arabidopsis thaliana. Using principal component analyses, ToF‐SIMS spectra from A. thaliana wild‐type (Col‐0), cellulose mutant (irx3), and lignin mutant (fah1) stem tissues were distinguished using ToF‐SIMS peaks annotated for wood‐derived lignocellulose, where spectra from the irx3 and fah1 were characterized by comparatively low polysaccharide and syringyl lignin content, respectively. Spatial analyses using ToF‐SIMS imaging furthermore differentiated interfascicular fiber and xylem vessels based on differences in the lignin content of corresponding cell walls. These new data support the applicability of ToF‐SIMS peak annotations based on woody biomass for herbaceous plants, including model plant systems like arabidopsis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

木质素模化物键离解能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3P86方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上,对木质素结构中的6种连接方式(β-O-4、α-O-4、4-O-5、β-1、α-1、5-5)的63个木质素模化物的醚键(C-O)和C-C键的键离解能E_B进行了理论计算研究。分析了不同取代基对键离解能的影响以及键长与键离解能的相关性。计算结果表明,C-O键的键离解能通常比C-C键的小,在各种醚键中C_α-O键的平均键离解能最小,为182.7 kJ/mol;其次是β-O-4连接中的C_β-O键,苯环和烷烃基上的取代基对醚键的键离解能有较强的弱化作用,C-O键的键长和键离解能的相关性较差。与C-O键相比,C-C键的键离解能受苯环上取代基的影响很小,而烷烃基上的取代基对C-C键的键离解能有较大的影响,C-C键的键离解能和键长之间存在较强的线性关系,C-C键的键长越长,其键离解能越小。     

木质素酚类单体化合物制备烷烃燃料

通过引入中间小分子化合物,采用傅克烷基化反应,实现了从木质素酚类单体化合物制备长链烷烃燃料.考察了催化剂、醛酮类小分子化合物、反应时间、反应温度、物料比、底物等条件对从木质素酚类单体制备二聚体反应结果的影响,并对得到的木质素酚类二聚体产物进一步加氢还原,得到C_13~19烷烃燃料.结果表明,当物料比n(木质素酚类单体)/n(醛酮类中间小分子)为15:3,以Amberlyst-15为酸性催化剂,在100 ℃的条件下,反应24 h,可以得到68%产率的二聚体化合物(当底物是愈创木酚和丙醛时).将得到的二聚体化合物在270 ℃,4 MPa H₂的不锈钢反应釜中进行加氢反应,3 h后,二聚体化合物完全转化为液体烷烃.提出从木质素单体出发通过引入中间小分子,实现C-C链增长来制备烷烃燃料的合成路线,为木质素的开发和应用提出了新思路与实验基础.     

芳香寡聚磺酸酯桥联大环化合物的合成及其对Sn2+和Bi3+的识别作用

以4,6-二烷氧基-1,3-苯二磺酰氯和芳香二酚为原料,三乙胺作缚酸剂,二氯甲烷作溶剂,采取一步成环法合成了3种磺酸酯桥联大环化合物。合成产物的结构用IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和MALDI-TOF等技术手段进行了确认。利用紫外光谱分析的方法研究了4,6,16,18-四正戊氧基-11,23-二甲基-1,3,13,15-四磺酸酯间苯芳香大环(5)对Ca²⁺、Pb²⁺及部分过渡金属等20种金属离子的识别。结果发现,其对Sn²⁺显示出一定的选择性,由于Sn²⁺和Bi³⁺协同作用的影响,在化合物5-Sn²⁺的体系中加入Bi³⁺,紫外吸收光谱在325 nm左右的吸收增强了许多,这说明化合物5对Bi³⁺显示出优于Sn²⁺的较好选择性。     

不同提取方法对所得稻壳基木质素的影响研究

本文以稻壳这种在我国来源十分丰富的农业副产物为原料,采用三种方法(乙二醇法、乙醇法、碱法)提取稻壳中的木质素,考察相应处理条件下的木质素提取率、羟基含量来确定提取适宜条件。乙二醇提取法所得木质素的羟基值和产率可以分别达到275.2mg/g和45.2%;乙醇法在适宜的提取条件下得到稻壳基木质素羟基值和产率分别为269.1mg/g和51.1%;碱溶液提取法可获得羟基值和产率分别为324.7mg/g和64.1%的碱木质素,无论何种木质素都富含活性官能团为后续再利用提供条件。     

From Lignin‐derived Aromatic Compounds to Novel Biobased Polymers

Nowadays, the synthesis of (semi)aromatic polymers from lignin derivatives is of major interest, as aromatic compounds are key intermediates in the manufacture of polymers and lignin is the main source of aromatic biobased substrates. Phenols with a variety of chemical structures can be obtained from lignin deconstruction; among them, vanillin and ferulic acid are the main ones. Depending on the phenol substrates, different chemical modifications and polymerization pathways are developed, leading to (semi)aromatic polymers covering a wide range of thermomechanical properties. This review discusses the synthesis and properties of thermosets (vinyl ester resins, cyanate ester, epoxy, and benzoxazine resins) and thermoplastic polymers (polyesters, polyanhydrides, Schiff base polymers, polyacetals, polyoxalates, polycarbonates, acrylate polymers) prepared from vanillin, ferulic acid, guaiacol, syringaldehyde, or 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid.

     

纳米氧化铈在催化氧化木质素制备芳香化合物中的应用研究

木质素是自然界中唯一大规模可再生的含芳环聚合物.通过催化氧化的方法,定向解聚木质素得到芳香类化合物,具有非常重要的价值.近年来,氧化铈作为载体在木质素的多相催化氧化反应中表现较好性能.然而,对于氧化铈直接作为催化剂,并探讨其纳米结构与性能之间的研究未见报道.研究结果表明:纳米氧化铈直接作为催化剂时,对于木质素的催化氧化反应具有较好的性能,顺序为氧化铈纳米八面体纳米四方体纳米球纳米棒.纳米八面体表现出最优的催化性能,以其作为催化剂,对乙醇木质素进行催化氧化,得到了大量芳香酸及其酯类化合物.     

微孔板发光二极管诱导荧光-表面活性剂增敏法测定盐酸小檗碱

研制了微孔板发光二极管诱导荧光分析仪,以发光二极管为激发光源,Y形光纤束传导激发光和荧光,采用平面型光敏二极管接收荧光.采用二维定位器移动微孔板,可实现对多个样品快速连续的测定.利用弱碱性介质中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)对盐酸小檗碱荧光的增敏作用,在pH 9.0的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶...     

Towards quantitative catalytic lignin depolymerization

The products of base-catalyzed liquid-phase hydrolysis of lignin depend markedly on the operating conditions. By varying temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration, and residence time, the yield of monomers and oligomers from depolymerized lignin can be adjusted. It is shown that monomers of phenolic derivatives are the only primary products of base-catalyzed hydrolysis and that oligomers form as secondary products. Oligomerization and polymerization of these highly reactive products, however, limit the amount of obtainable product oil containing low-molecular-weight phenolic products. Therefore, inhibition of concurrent oligomerization and polymerization reactions during hydrothermal lignin depolymerization is important to enhance product yields. Applying boric acid as a capping agent to suppress addition and condensation reactions of initially formed products is presented as a successful approach in this direction. Combination of base-catalyzed lignin hydrolysis with addition of boric acid protecting agent shifts the product distribution to lower molecular weight compounds and increases product yields beyond 85%.     

自由能微扰法研究系列烷基芳基磺酸盐的胶束化焓-熵补偿现象

为了研究不同结构的表面活性剂分子在水溶液中的胶束化焓-熵补偿现象, 采用自由能微扰(FEP)法计算了系列烷基芳基磺酸盐的溶剂化自由能, 并根据胶团化过程的质量作用模型讨论了相关热力学性质. 结果表明: 自由能微扰法得到的溶剂化自由能大小与用传统热力学表面张力法测定的吉布斯自由能相近, 能够用于比较不同结构的烷基芳基磺酸盐间胶束化能力; 烷基芳基磺酸盐在水溶液中的胶束化过程是自发进行的, 且存在焓-熵补偿现象, 补偿温度范围均在(302±2) K; 随着分子结构中芳环向长烷基链中间位置移动, 胶束化能力和胶束的稳定性均下降; 而随着芳环上短烷基链或长烷基链碳数的增加, 形成胶束的能力与稳定性均提高.