Design and fabrication of a shielded interdigital sensor for noninvasive In situ real‐time production monitoring of polymers

Interdigital sensors (IDS) have received great attention for production monitoring of polymers over the past decade. However, conventional IDS are limited by high noise to environment due to the dual side access of the sensor, low nominal capacitance, and sensitivity. In this study, a shielded IDS fabricated by flexible circuit board (FCB) technology is presented to overcome these challenges. Compared to conventional sensors, the environmental dependence of the new sensor is minimized by the copper shield. Furthermore, nominal capacitance of at least 350% higher, and an increase of sensitivity per unit area are achieved. To demonstrate the capabilities of the new IDS, a FCB comprising the proposed sensor is fabricated, attached to a mould, and successfully applied for in situ real‐time production monitoring of an epoxy resin. The resulting flexible sensor is noninvasive towards the fabricated parts, and measures the key stages along the production process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016 , 54, 2028–2037     

高雷诺数流动的基本控制方程体系和扩散跑物化Navier-Stokes方程组的意义和用途

在计算机发达的时代, 高雷诺($Re$)数绕流计算中有无必要使用简化NS方程组, 本文讨论这个问题. 主要内容如下: (1)高$Re$数绕流包含3种基本流动: 所有方向对流占优流动、所有方向对流扩散竞争流动和部分方向对流占优部分方向对流扩散竞争流动(简称干扰剪切流动), 3个基本流动的特征彼此不同且在流场中所占领域大小彼此相差悬殊, NS方程区域很小,它们的最简单控制方程组Euler、Navier-Stokes (NS)和扩散抛物化(DP) NS方程组的数学性质彼此不同, 因此利用Euler-DPNS-NS方程组体系分析计算高$Re$数绕流流动就是一个合乎逻辑的选择, 该法与利用单一NS方程组的常用方法可以彼此检验和补充. (2)流体之间以及流体与外界的动量、能量和质量交换, 流态从层流到湍流的演化主要发生在干扰剪切流动中, 干扰剪切流及其最简单控制方程------DPNS方程组具有基础意义; DPNS方程组笔者在1967年已提出. (3)诸简化NS方程组: DPNS、抛物化(P)NS、薄层(TL)NS、黏性层(VL)NS方程组的发展、相互关系, 它们的历史贡献和今后的用途; 它们的数学性质均为扩散抛物型, 但它们包含的黏性项彼此有所不同; 从流体力学角度来看, 它们中只有DPNS方程组能够准确描述干扰剪切流动. 提出把诸简化NS方程组统一为DPNS方程组的建议. (4)干扰剪切流------DPNS方程组与无干扰剪切流------边界层方程组之间的关系以及进一步研究干扰剪切流的意义.      

Synthesis of poly(4‐vinylpyridine) by reverse atom transfer radical polymerization

Controlled radical polymerization of 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) was achieved in a 50 vol % 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/water solvent mixture using a 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylpentanitrile) initiator and a CuCl₂/2,2′‐bipyridine catalyst–ligand complex, for an initial monomer concentration of [M]₀ = 2.32–3.24 M and a temperature range of 70–80 °C. Radical polymerization control was achieved at catalyst to initiator molar ratios in the range of 1.3:1 to 1.6:1. First‐order kinetics of the rate of polymerization (with respect to the monomer), linear increase of the number–average degree of polymerization with monomer conversion, and a polydispersity index in the range of 1.29–1.35 were indicative of controlled radical polymerization. The highest number–average degree of polymerization of 247 (number–average molecular weight = 26,000 g/mol) was achieved at a temperature of 70 °C, [M]₀ = 3.24 M and a catalyst to initiator molar ratio of 1.6:1. Over the temperature range studied (70–80 °C), the initiator efficiency increased from 50 to 64% whereas the apparent polymerization rate constant increased by about 60%. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5748–5758, 2007     

Isolation of indole alkaloid and anthranilic acid derivatives from Indigo Pulverata Levis

A new indole alkaloid, pulveratinol (1), and two new anthranilic acid derivatives (2 and 3) were isolated from Indigo Pulverata Levis, together with 12 known compounds (4–15). The structures of the new compounds (1–3) were determined through spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed further by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data analysis and computational method with advanced statistics (DP4). All isolated compounds (1–15) were evaluated for their potential neuroprotective effects through induction of nerve growth factor (NGF) in C6 glioma cells.     

量子化学计算核磁共振参数在天然产物结构鉴定中的应用

在过去的十多年中，伴随着量子化学理论与计算机硬件、软件的不断发展，量子化学计算核磁共振参数（quantum chemical calculation of nuclear magnetic resonance parameters，qcc-NMR）的方法也日趋成熟，这些方法往往在较小的计算成本下就可以获得比较理想的计算精度，且对于NMR参数计算结果的分析也从最初的简单统计学方法逐渐发展为基于更为复杂的统计学原理或人工神经网络的方法，这些进展都促使qcc-NMR这一工具在天然产物研究中得到了越来越广泛的应用，从而对传统的NMR技术、质谱，以及各种光谱技术做出了重要补充.本文对qcc-NMR在天然产物结构鉴定中的应用进行了综述，并对近年来的一些应用实例进行了较为详细的分析.     

HL-1装置利用光纤传送边界层H_α和杂质辐射的时空分布测量

本文介绍了光纤使用三年来的简单情况;叙述了用氦、氢换气实验的再循环效果;分析了边界层氢和轻、重杂质的时空分布及变化情况;得到了等离子体放电时产生DP和MARFE辐射的时空分布立体图。     

ABCDP: Approximate Bayesian Computation with Differential Privacy

We developed a novel approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) framework, ABCDP, which produces differentially private (DP) and approximate posterior samples. Our framework takes advantage of the sparse vector technique (SVT), widely studied in the differential privacy literature. SVT incurs the privacy cost only when a condition (whether a quantity of interest is above/below a threshold) is met. If the condition is sparsely met during the repeated queries, SVT can drastically reduce the cumulative privacy loss, unlike the usual case where every query incurs the privacy loss. In ABC, the quantity of interest is the distance between observed and simulated data, and only when the distance is below a threshold can we take the corresponding prior sample as a posterior sample. Hence, applying SVT to ABC is an organic way to transform an ABC algorithm to a privacy-preserving variant with minimal modification, but yields the posterior samples with a high privacy level. We theoretically analyzed the interplay between the noise added for privacy and the accuracy of the posterior samples. We apply ABCDP to several data simulators and show the efficacy of the proposed framework.     

基于IEEE1588协议时钟同步精度影响因素的研究

随着分布式测试技术的快速发展,对地理位置分散的测试设备协同完成测试任务的需求也越来越大,而设备之间的时钟同步精度成为制约测试效果的关键因素;为了对时钟同步精度的影响因素进行研究,提出了基于IEEE1588协议的网络时钟同步实现方案;首先对IEEE1588基本原理进行分析,然后提出了IEEE1588协议的实现方案,最后搭建实验平台对影响同步精度的因素进行研究;研究结果表明,同步间隔和网络拓扑结构影响时钟同步精度的两个主要因素。     

Kinetics of the iodine transfer polymerization of vinylidene fluoride

The kinetics of the iodine transfer polymerization (ITP) of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) was achieved in the presence of three different chain‐transfer agents (CTAs): 1‐iodoperfluorohexane (C₆F₁₃I), 1‐iodo‐2H,2H‐perfluorooctane (C₆F₁₃CH₂CF₂I), and 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoro‐3‐iodopropane (HCF₂CF₂CH₂I). ITPs of VDF carried out in the presence of C₆F₁₃I and C₆F₁₃CH₂CF₂I showed the following: (1) a linear increase in DP_n versus α_VDF, which evidenced the controlled character of ITP, although the polydispersity indices were slightly high (ca 1.5), and (2) theoretical DP_n values close to the targeted ones. In contrast, neither of these statements was observed for the ITP of VDF in the presence of HCF₂CF₂CH₂I achieved under the same conditions, even if the synthesized oligomers could be reactivated. Although the C_Tr values of C₆F₁₃I and C₆F₁₃CH₂CF₂I were close (i.e., 7.7 at 75 °C), that of HCF₂CF₂CH₂I was lower (0.3 at 75 °C). The percentages of ? CF₂I and ? CH₂I functionalities were also assessed, and in the course of the reaction, a reduction of ? CF₂I end groups was noted. Then, the mechanism of the ITP of VDF was proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5763–5777, 2006     

Copolyesteramides—II. Anionic copolymers of ε-caprolactam with ε-caprolactone. Preparation and general properties

The N-sodiocaprolactam-catalysed anionic polymerisation of ε-caprolactam is activated by ε-caprolactone which itself acts as a comonomer, yielding copolyesteramides. At lower temperatures and lower catalyst concentrations, copolymerisation of the lactone is favoured over that of lactam; higher temperatures, higher catalyst concentrations and longer reaction times cause a more equal incorporation of the two comonomers giving products with molecular weights in the order of 10⁴ and with NH(CH₂)₅CO and O(CH₂)₅CO unit contents approximating to those in the reactant feeds. The T_g's of the products lie between those of the homopolymer extremes but the T_m vs composition relationship displays a shallow eutectic minimum at ca 20% NH(CH₂)₅CO group content and, for given NH(CH₂)₅CO group contents, is sensitive to changes in the technique of copolymerisation. Alternatingly-sequenced NH(CH₂)₅CO/O(CH₂)₅CO copolymers prepared by polycondensation also differ from anionic copolymers of similar sub-unit stoichiometry. The property differences imply differences of chain-sequential order and hence complexity in the mechanism of the anionic copolymerisation.