汽油无铅化后中国儿童铅中毒现状、污染源及防治对策

汽油无铅化后,我国儿童铅中毒问题仍相当严重,群体铅中毒事件频频发生,铅中毒流行率相对较高且有回升趋势,膳食铅摄入量过高。在各类铅污染源中,燃煤铅排放已成为大气铅污染的重要贡献者,初步估算表明,2001—2005年燃煤大气铅排放总量达4.5万t,铅排放量与铅中毒率之间呈显著相关关系。预防铅中毒应切实加强环境污染的有效控制和敏感人群的定期监测,铅中毒监测亦应采取血铅测定和发铅测定双管齐下的方针。     

HBF4溶液中全铅液流电池

报道了一种HBF₄水溶液中的全铅液流电池,正、负电极电解液均采用Pb（BF₄）₂的HBF₄水溶液.在酸性的四氟硼酸铅电解液中考察了石墨电极和玻碳电极作为工作电极的循环伏安性能,石墨电极较适于用作全铅液流电池的正、负电极.采用石墨电极作为电池的正、负电极并在四氟硼酸铅酸性电解液中进行充放电实验,其中Pb（BF₄）₂浓度分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mol·L^-1,且保持游离的HBF₄浓度为1.0 mol·L^-1.该电池为单液流电池,不需要隔膜分隔正、负极的电解液,电流密度为10、20和40 mA.cm^-2,当限定充电容量为7.0 mAh.cm^-2,放电电压截止到1.0 V时,平均库仑效率大于87%,平均能量效率大于68%;当电解液采用1.0或1.5 mol·L^-1 Pb（BF₄）₂+1.0 mol·L^-1HBF₄水溶液时,在10及20 mA.cm^-2电流下的能量效率最高可超过74%.     

交联聚丙烯腈螯合树脂对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附及其在痕量分析中的应用

采用火焰原子吸收光谱法（FAAS）研究了交联聚丙烯腈螯合树脂对环境样品中Pb2+的吸附分离/富集行为,并考察了共存离子的干扰。 结果表明,该树脂对Pb2+的吸附率在溶液pH=5.4、静态吸附时间为1.5 h时室温下可达到90%。 在最佳吸附条件下,树脂对单一Pb2+的饱和吸附容量可达到49.6 mg/g。 以0.1 mol/L盐酸溶液作为解吸剂,可将吸附在树脂上的Pb2+定量洗脱,富集倍数和解吸率可分别达到50和97%。 富集50倍后,方法的检出限（3σ10）为5.3 μg/L;相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.1%;加标回收率为92.9%～97.6%。     

15种中成药中有害重金属铅、镉、铜含量的测定

为了解中药重金属污染情况,测定了市售常用15种中成药中重金属铅、镉、铜的含量,其中铅、镉采用石墨炉原子吸收法,铜采用火焰原子吸收法测定.结果表明,15种中成药均不同程度被这3种重金属污染,通心络中铅、镉、铜含量都已超标,桑菊感冒片镉超标,中药重金属污染问题仍然存在.     

微波灰化-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定原油和燃料油中的铅和砷

探讨了使用微波灰化技术消化原油和成品油样品,并使用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定其中铅和砷的含量.研究了铅测定的灰化保护剂和砷测定的灰化助剂,并优化了仪器工作条件和实验条件.该方法测定原油和重油中铅的平均回收率分别为96.8%和96.7%,相对标准偏差分别为1.03%和0.93%;测定原油和重油中砷的平均回收率分别为90.0%和90.3%,相对标准偏差分别为2.39%和2.63%.     

天然水中优势菌胞外聚合物及其中主要成分对铅的吸附

研究了吉林省长春市南湖天然水环境中生物膜胞外聚合物及由其分离得到的胞外多糖和胞外蛋白对铅的吸附特性,讨论了时间、pH值、其它共存金属离子等对其吸附的影响;初步探讨了胞外多糖和胞外蛋白吸附铅的反应机理. 结果表明,3种吸附剂对铅的吸附量在pH=6时最大,分别为23.64、15.8和3.48 mg/g ;吸附体系均在6h以后达到吸附平衡;共存金属离子镉对铅的吸附有影响.胞外聚合物及其中的胞外多糖和胞外蛋白对铅的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich热力学方程.胞外聚合物中胞外多糖对铅的吸附所作贡献大于胞外蛋白.胞外蛋白的胺基、酰胺基,胞外多糖的羟基、酰胺基等是胞外聚合物吸附铅离子过程中起关键作用的化学基团.     

PbMoO4晶体生长基元和生长习性的高温拉曼光谱研究

应用高温拉曼光谱研究了PbMoO₄熔体中的生长基元.通过对不同温度下PbMoO₄晶体拉曼光谱和熔点温度附近熔体高温拉曼光谱的研究,发现PbMoO₄熔体中存在Pb²⁺阳离子和［MoO₄］^2－阴离子生长基元.进一步讨论了PbMoO₄晶体生长基元和各个低指数晶面间的相互作用,解释了晶体的生长习性和枝晶生长的原因,并指出:PbMoO₄晶体生 关键词： 钼酸铅晶体 枝晶 籽晶取向 拉曼光谱     

Recent study of nanomaterials prepared by inert gas condensation using ultra high vacuum chamber

The ultra high vacuum chamber was developed in the Department of Nuclear Physics, University of Madras with the funding from DST, India. This UHV chamber is used to prepare nanocrystalline materials by inert gas condensation technique (IGCT). Nanocrystalline materials such as PbF₂, Mn²⁺-doped PbF₂, Sn-doped In₂O₃ (ITO), ZnO, Al₂O₃, Ag₂O, CdO, CuO, ZnSe:ZnO etc., were prepared by this technique and characterized. Results of some of these materials will be presented in this paper. In solid-state²⁰⁷Pb NMR on PbF₂ a separate signal due to the presence of grain boundary has been observed. The structural phase transition pressure during the phase transformation from the cubic phase to orthorhombic phase under high pressure shows an increase with the decrease in grain size. Presence of electronic centres in nanocrystalline PbF₂ is observed from Raman studies and the same has been confirmed by photoluminescence studies. Al₂O₃ was prepared and⁵⁶Fe ions were implanted. After implantation segregation of⁵⁶Fe ions was examined by SEM. The oxidation properties of ITO were studied by HRTEM. As against the expectation of oxide coating on individual nanograins of In-Sn alloy, ITO nanograins grew into faceted nanograins on heat treatment in air and O₂ atmosphere. The growth of ITO under O₂ atmosphere showed pentagon symmetry. The PMN was initially prepared by solid-state reaction. Further, this PMN relaxor material will be used to convert into nanocrystalline PMN by IGCT with sputtering and will be studied     

能量色散型X射线荧光光谱法测定聚合物材料中镉和铅含量

提出了能量色散型X射线荧光光谱测定聚合物材料中镉和铅的测试分析方法及制样技巧。按照仪器分析条件测定同时含有镉和铅的6块不同浓度级别的标准物质来建立校准工作曲线,其线性范围分别在250ug·g-1、1100ug·g-1以内。镉和铅的方法检出限依次为4.7ug·g-1、4.1ug·g-1。该方法应用于测定欧洲标准物质ERM-EC680和ERM-EC681k,其镉和铅的实际测定值与标准物质证书的标称值相符,测定实际样品中的镉和铅的回收率介于90~110%。该方法测定标准物质和实际样品中镉和铅的精密度均小于10%。     

Solid Introduction to an ICP-Atomic Emission Spectrometer for the Analyses of Metals Contents of Air Filters

The direct introduction of solid samples (air filters) to the inductively coupled plasma source of an atomic emission spectrometer using a furnace atomizer has been studied. Conditions have been found for the analysis of elements which volatilize with varyling degrees of difficulty. Lead, copper and vandaium compounds retained on glass fibre filters from air pollution studies have been determined. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by means of established sample dissolution/atomic emision methods.