连续流动分析技术测定水中阴离子合成洗涤剂方法优化

阴离子合成洗涤剂是洗涤用品的主要成分,属于生物难降解的物质,是当前环境水污染的重要指标,具有较好的去污能力且价格低,广泛应用于餐饮界和工业的消毒,该类物质虽毒性低但降解缓慢,同时还抑制其它有毒物质的降解。为了建立基于连续流动分析检测技术的阴离子合成洗涤剂检测方法,对GB/T5750.4-2023中的连续流动法中仪器流路进行调整,将酸性亚甲基蓝流路变为碱性亚甲基蓝流路直接进样,优化亚甲基蓝体系配比,蠕动泵方向为反转且泵的转速为12 r/min,注射时间为40 s,管路清洗时间为300 s,积分时间设置为30 ms,于650 nm波长下进行测量,实验参比波长为490 nm,以阴离子合成洗涤剂浓度值为横坐标,峰高信号值为纵坐标,制作标准曲线,并对该方法的线性范围、检出限、精密度、准确度进行验证。该方法在0~0.35 mg/L浓度范围内,阴离子合成洗涤剂的标准曲线方程为y = 0.1243x - 0.0012,且相关系数r值为0.9995,检出限为0.0027 mg/L,添加回收率98.4%~103.2%之间,精密度在0.74%~1.82%之间。结果表明：该方法线性关系良好,精密度和准确度高,操作简单,污染少,适用于生活饮用水中阴离子合成洗涤剂的大批量分析检测。     

洗洁精-金试剂吸光光度法测定人发中微量铜

利用洗洁精为增敏、增溶剂试,以金试剂为显色剂,拟定了吸光光度法测定了人发中微量铜的方法,方法简便快速,准确度高,人发中常见离子不干扰铜的测定。     

Synthesis of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles in Detergent Solution

The synthesis conditions of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in anion detergent, cationic detergent, amphoteric detergent, and nonferrous detergent have been investigated in this study. The influencing factors, including kind of detergent, concentration of sodium hydroxide, and ratio of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺, are tested in detail. The factors affecting particle shape, size, and distribution have been reported. The characterization of ferromagnetic nanoparticles was detected using transmission electron microscope, X‐ray, UV‐spectra, and other method.     

Purification and characterization of an alkaline protease prot 1 frombotrytis cinerea

Alkaline thiol protease named Prot 1 was isolated from a culture filtrate ofBotrytis cinerea. The enzyme was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. Thus, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity with specific activity of 30-fold higher than that of the crude broth. The purified alkaline protease has an apparent molecular mass of 43 kDa under denaturing conditions as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The native molecular mass (45 kDa), determined by gel filtration, indicated that the alkaline protease has a monomeric form. The purified protease was biochemically characterized. The enzyme is active at alkaline pH and has a suitable and high thermostability. The optimal pH and temperature for activity were 9.0–10.0 and 60°C, respectively. This protease was stable between pH 5.0 and 12.0. The enzyme retained 85% of its activity by treatment at 50°C over 120 min; it maintained 50% of activity after 60 min of heating at 60°C. Furthermore, the protease retained almost complete activity after 4 wk storage at 25°C. The activity was significantly affected by thiol protease inhibitors, suggesting that the enzyme belongs to the alkaline thiol protease family. With the aim on industrial applications, we focused on studying the stability of the protease in several conditions. Prot 1 activity was not affected by ionic strength and different detergent additives, and, thus, the protease shows remarkable properties as a biodetergent catalyst.     

Composition of structural carbohydrates in biomass: precision of a liquid chromatography method using a neutral detergent extraction and a charged aerosol detector

We adapted and optimized a method to quantify the cellulose, hemicellulose, xylan, arabinan, mannan, galactan contents in lignocellulosic biomass. This method is based on a neutral detergent extraction (NDE) of the interfering biomass components, followed by a sulfuric acid hydrolysis (SAH) of the structural polysaccharides, and a liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detection (LC-CAD) to analyze the released monosaccharides. The first step of this NDE-SAH-LC-CAD method aims at removing all compounds that interfere with the subsequent sulphuric acid hydrolysis or with the subsequent chromatographic quantification of the cellulosic and hemicellulosic monosaccharides. This step includes starch hydrolysis with an analytical thermostable α-amylase followed by an extraction of soluble compounds by a Van Soest neutral detergent solution (NDE). The aim of this paper was to assess the precision of this method when choosing fiber sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as representative lignocellulosic biomass. The cellulose content of fiber sorghum, tall fescue and fiber hemp determined by the NDE-SAH-LC-CAD method were 28.7 ± 1.0, 29.7 ± 1.0 and 43.6 ± 1.2 g/100 g dry matter, respectively, and their hemicellulose content were 18.6 ± 0.5, 16.5 ± 0.5 and 14.5 ± 0.2 g/100 g dry matter, respectively. Cellulose, mannan and galactan contents were higher in fiber hemp (dicotyledon) as compared to tall fescue and fiber sorghum (monocotyledons). The xylan, arabinan and total hemicellulose contents were higher in tall fescue and fiber sorghum as compared to fiber hemp. The precision of the NDE-SAH-LC-CAD method was better for polysaccharide concentration levels above 1 g/100 g dry matter. Galactan analysis offered a lower precision, due to a lower CAD response intensity to galactose as compared to the other monosaccharides. The dispersions of the results (expanded uncertainty) of the NDE-SAH-LC-CAD method were smaller as compared to the Van Soest (VS) method. In addition, the NDE-SAH-LC-CAD method was able to provide additional information on the composition of the hemicellulose (xylan, arabinan, mannan and galactan content) that is not provided by the Van Soest method. The NDE-SAH-LC-CAD method offers also the advantage of a better specificity for hemicellulose and cellulose, as compared to the NREL and Uppsala methods.     

Phase Transitions in Non-ionic Detergent Micelles

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies of micellar, 60 mM solutions of the octaethyleneglycol alkylethers C₁₄E₈ and C₁₆E₈ provide evidence for a narrow endothermic transition at 41 and 32°C,respectively, characterized by an enthalpy change of 2 kJ mol⁻¹ for both detergents. The observed thermal transition is indicative of a concerted transition of the surfactant molecules, as illustrated on the basis of a simple molecular model. The effect of co-solvents such as different alcohols on the thermal transition is investigated. Glycerol markedly lowers the transition temperature whereas the transition is absent in the presence of at least 10% ethanol. The calorimetric transition correlates with the temperature dependent increase of viscosity and static light scattering as well as with changes observed by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). The SANS results provide clear evidence for a distinct structural change occurring at the transition temperature, which is interpreted as a sphere-to-rod transition of the detergent micelles. Moreover, the rod length increases with increasing temperature. We suggest that the process causing the thermal transition acts as the prerequisite of the growth process. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

新疆地产羊毛洗涤工艺研究

以多功能液洗精为基础,经过重新配制的羊毛洗涤剂新疆地产羊毛,研究其洗涤效果及最佳的洗毛工艺。     

Pressurized System and Microwave-Assisted Extraction for Rapid Analysis of Fiber in Animal Feedstuffs

Abstract

A pressurized system under microwave radiation and filter bags to contain the samples was proposed as an alternative to Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) determination in animal feed. After optimization by a 2³ factorial design, the procedure was applied to nine forage and cereal bran with different amounts of starch (supplied by proficiency testing at various nutrition laboratories). Recoveries from 93 to 110% (0.7 to 7.4 RSD) were obtained. The proposed system allows the NDF simultaneous extraction from 18 samples, increasing the samples throughput from 6 or 40 day^?1 to approximately 280 day^?1, with low consumption of energy and reagents, producing low amounts of residue.     

Determination of Chelating Properties of Detergent Builders with the Calcium Selective Ion Electrode

Abstract

A liquid membrane calcium selective ion electrode was used to measure the free calcium content in equilibrium with calcium chelates. The chelating value, chelating curves, formation constants and equivalent weights of several detergent builders were calculated from these measurements.     

Design of self-assembling surfactant-like peptides and their applications

A surfactant is briefly defined as a material that can greatly reduce the surface tension of water when used in very low concentrations. Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are amphiphilic, containing both hydrophobic groups and hydrophilic groups. Therefore, they are soluble in both organic solvents and water. Many surfactants can also assemble in the bulk solution into aggregates such as vesicles and micelles. Self-assembling peptides are a novel category of designer peptides that can undergo spontaneous organization into well-ordered nanostructures with the great potentials in nanotechnology, nanomedicine including 3-dimensional (3-D) cell culture, drug delivery, wound repair, and so on. In this review, we introduce a family of designer surfactant-like peptides: the self-assembling peptides which have been derived by mimicking the structure of traditional surfactants.