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41.
42.
Methane production from synthesis gas using a mixed culture ofR. rubrum M. barkeri,and M. formicicum
Klasson K. T. Cowger J. P. Ko C. W. Vega J. L. Clausen E. C. Gaddy J. L. 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》1990,(1):317-328
The components of synthesis gas, CO, H2, and CO2, may be converted into CH4 biologically through either acetate or H2/CO2 as intermediates. Of these two routes, conversion through H2/CO2 is preferred. This paper presents results of mixed-culture studies employing the photosynthetic bacteriumR. rubrum for converting CO to CO2 and H2 by the water gas shift reaction and two methanogens,M. formicicum andM. barkeri, for converting CO2 and H2 into CH4. Results are presented for triculture operation in two types of reactors, the packed bubble column and the trickle-bed reactor. 相似文献
43.
Michael Stoukides 《Research on Chemical Intermediates》2006,32(3):187-204
Solid electrolyte membrane reactors (SEMRs) have been used to both study and influence catalytic reaction rates. Methane coupling
is the reaction most thoroughly and intensively studied in these membrane reactors. In the last 20 years, oxygen ion (O2−), proton (H+) and mixed (O2−-e−, H+-e−) conducting membranes have been tested in order to maximize the conversion of methane to C2 compounds. The present review contains the fundamental operating principles of the various SEMR types and their applications
in this reaction. The difficulties that should be overcome in order to promote this SEMR process to an industrial scale are
discussed. 相似文献
44.
A flow injection (FI) spectrophotometric method was proposed for the determination of chloride ion in natural waters. The determination of chloride was carried out by reaction with Hg(SCN)2 immobilized in an epoxy resin bead in a solid-phase reactor (SPR) and the thiocyanate ions released were determined spectrophotometrically at 480 nm after complexing reaction with Fe(III). The analytical curve for chloride was linear in the concentration range from 5.6 × 10−5 to 2.2 × 10−4 mol l−1 with a detection limit of 1.4 × 10−5 mol l−1. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 2.2% for a solution containing 2.2 × 10−4 mol l−1 (n = 10). The simple manifold allows a routine analytical frequency of 100 determinations per hour. The main advantage of the developed method is the 400% reduction of the Hg waste solution generated when compared to conventional methods for chloride determination based on the same spectrophotometric reaction. 相似文献
45.
催化裂化装置沉降器内结焦的微观结构及其生长过程的分析 总被引:8,自引:4,他引:8
对催化裂化装置(FCCU)沉降器内结焦的微观结构进行分析,结果表明,结焦形态主要有4种,丝状焦、滴状焦、块状焦和颗粒状焦。各种结焦形态的成因机理不同,微观结构及生长过程也不同。丝状焦是由铁、镍金属元素催化烃类气体,以及易生焦物发生脱氢缩合反应,以催化剂颗粒形成结焦中心并逐渐长大形成细丝状焦炭;滴状焦是由稠环芳烃脱氢缩合反应而生成,高沸点未汽化油滴黏附在催化剂颗粒或器壁表面形成“焦核”,即由重芳烃、胶质、沥青质脱氢缩合反应和二烯烃聚合环化反应而生成的;块状焦是高沸点未汽化油滴相互溶解后,再脱氢缩合反应或聚合环化反应而形成的结焦;颗粒状焦是油气在气相中脱氢缩合反应或聚合环化反应形成的微小结焦颗粒相互团聚形成的颗粒簇。催化裂化装置沉降器内的结焦一般是上述几种结焦过程的组合,是催化结焦和非催化结焦过程共同作用的结果。 相似文献
46.
Modeling of a counterflow plasma reactor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Modeling of a counterflow plasma reactor is presented, using liquid injection for the synthesis of fine particles. An experimental reactor has been developed in this laboratory, and feasibility has been demonstrated for synthesizing advanced ceramic powders. The flow field calculations show two major recirculating regions which are of importance for increasing the particles' residence time inside of the reactor. In addition, the temperature within these recirculation zones remains relatively uniform. For simulation, water droplet trajectories have been calculated for droplets produced by an injection probe. It is shown that the droplets in a size range below 50 m in diameter will follow the streamlines and evaporate completely within a short traveling distance. This finding suggests that this reactor configuration provides a favorable environment for the synthesis of fine particles using liquid precursors. 相似文献
47.
The progress of high temperature processes is generally described in terms of variation of the degree of conversion () with time (t). The present paper outlines a procedure for making use of-t plots for comparative assessment of productivity and energy requirements for a test system with respect to a reference, on the basis of some simplifying assumptions. It is assumed that the throughput is inversely proportional to reaction time as in the case of batch reactors and plug flow reactors. It is also assumed that the energy requirement is a simple function of process temperature. The principles outlined is illustrated with reference to some laboratory data for reduction of iron oxide by coal.The authors wish to thank Prof. P. R. Rao, Director National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India, for providing facilities for experimental work and for according permission to publish this work. 相似文献
48.
Citric acid is finding new areas of use each year and the demand for the acid is constantly increasing. Being a bulk chemical,
the continuous production of citric acid would be advantageous. The paper presents the results from ammonia limited batch
and continuous fermentations using the yeast strainSaccharomycopsis (Candida) lipolytica (NRRL Y-7576). Mathematical models were developed for growth and glucose utilization in batch and continuous culture. Cell
and acid yields appeared to be almost the same in batch and continuous culture. The specific production rates were found to
be constant, equal to 0.053 g/g h, in the batch fermentations but varied in the continuous experiments from 0 to 0.11 g/g
h depending on the fermentation conditions. Continuous production in a single stage CSTR was studied for over 1,000 hours
without shutdown. 相似文献
49.
50.
Research on NOx treatment is extensive in recent years due to growing environmental awareness. Selec- tive catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx, as a proven technology, offers higher NOx control efficiency than many other NOx treatment methods. The present work reviews the recent development of SCR reactor technologies. Firstly, catalysts and mechanism of different SCRs were briefly summarized. Different SCR reactors, e.g. structured reactor, fluidized bed reactor and moving bed reactor, were then discussed. As a more advanced technology, multifunctional reactors were also developed for SCR process and could be divided into two categories: decoupled adsorption-reaction process and combined SCR system. The mechanism and properties of these processes were discussed in detail. Some recommendations were given for the future work in SCR reactor design. SCR reactor technology for emerging energy processes was also addressed, such as oxyfuel combustion and biofuel conversion processes, which put forward new requirements for SCR technologies and also open new opportunities for advanced design of SCR reactors. 相似文献