缩醛/缩酮的合成研究进展

醛/酮与醇或原甲酸酯进行亲核加成反应生成的产物缩醛/缩酮,是一类重要的有机化合物。在有机合成中,该反应也广泛用于醛/酮羰基的保护或者乙二醇的保护,因此,缩醛/缩酮的合成研究引起广泛的关注。本文根据反应体系的不同,从酸催化、电催化和光催化三个方面对近年来缩醛/缩酮的合成研究进展进行详细综述。期望该综述作为学生基础有机化学课程的课后拓展阅读内容,能加深学生对基础反应的理解,培养学生的科研创新思维。     

以磷钨杂多酸银盐为催化剂合成丁酮乙二醇缩酮

以磷钨杂多酸银盐(AgxH3-xPW12O40,0相似文献   

Liquid Crystallinity and Supramolecular Organization of Regioisomeric Isatin Derivatives: An Experimental and Theoretical Study

Spatially organized chromophores can be beneficial for advanced applications like for example, organic solar cells, laser technology or non‐linear optic devices as well as supramolecular photochemistry. Of particular interest are non‐static ordered forms of molecular organization as for example, liquid crystals. With this in mind we synthesised four new regioisomeric isatin derivatives by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling of 4‐dodecyloxyphenylboronic acid with all four possible regioisomers of bromoisatin. Liquid crystalline properties are found for 5‐(4‐dodecyloxyphenyl)isatin, while the other regioisomers do not display a mesomorphic behaviour. The synthesis, physicochemical investigations including polarization microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray investigations are discussed and accompanied with density functional theory calculations with respect to the target molecules and their possible H‐bonded aggregates. Two distinct setups of supramolecular assemblies for such isatin derivatives are discussed and a model for the mesophase is proposed.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1′-Methyl-4′- (4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indole-3-spiro-2′-pyrrolidine- 3′-spiro-4'-(2'-phenyloxazole)-2,5'(3H,4'H)-dione

The title compound (C26H20ClN3O3) has been synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction from isatin, sarcosine and (Z)-4-(4-chlorobenzylidene)-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-one through a one-pot procedure, and its structure was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 9.3903(19), b = 11.398(2), c = 12.603(3) , α = 83.495(3), β = 68.988(3), γ = 67.178(3)°, V = 1160.1(4) 3, Z = 2, Mr = 457.90, Dc = 1.311 g/cm3, μ = 0.198 mm-1, F(000) = 476, the final R = 0.0489 and wR = 0.1144 for 3109 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I).     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 1＇-Methyl-4＇-（4-chlorophenyl）-1H-indole-3-spiro-2＇-pyrrolidine-3＇-spiro-4＂-（2＂-phenyloxazole）-2,5＂（3H,4＂H）-dione

The title compound （C26H20ClN3O3） has been synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction from isatin, sarcosine and （Z）-4-（4-chlorobenzylidene）-2-phenyloxazol-5（4H）-one through a one-pot procedure, and its structure was confirmed by IR, IH NMR, elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group PI, with a = 9.3903（19）, b = 11.398（2）, c = 12.603（3） A, α = 83.495（3）, β = 68.988（3）, γ = 67.178（3）^o, V= 1160.1（4）A^3 Z = 2, Mr= 457.90, Dc= 1.311 g/cm^3, p = 0.198 mm ^-1, F（000） = 476, the final R = 0.0489 and wR = 0.1144 for 3109 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）.     

Stereoselective Formation of Triphenylene Ketals

The oxidative trimerization of catechol ketals by MoCl₅ or MoCl₅/TiCl₄ mixtures leads preferentially to the all‐syn stereoisomer of the corresponding triphenylene ketal. The concomitant metal salts of the oxidative coupling most probably form a multinuclear template that directs the diastereoselectivity in a subsequent isomerization step under electrophilic conditions. Several functionalities can serve as coordination sites for the multinuclear metal chloro clusters. Suitable functional groups have to be stable towards the strong electrophilic and oxidizing conditions. Therefore, esters, nitriles, nitro derivatives, triazoles, and pyridines are successfully employed. Based on the flexibility and size of the substrate, different reagent mixtures lead to the stereoselective formation of the all‐syn derivatives.     

Metal‐based isatin‐bearing sulfonamides: their synthesis,characterization and biological properties

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal isatin bearing sulfonamides and their cobalt (II), copper (II), nickel (II) and zinc (II) metal complexes have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigilla dysentriae and Staphylococcus aureus and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton schoenleinii, Candid glabrata, Pseudallescheria boydii, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The results of these studies revealed that all compounds showed moderate to significant antibacterial activity. The brine shrimp bioassay was also carried out to study their in vitro cytotoxic properties. Only three compounds, 2, 11 and 22 displayed potent cytotoxic activity as LD₅₀ = 1.56 × 10^?7, 1.59 × 10^?7 and 1.67 × 10^?7 M /ml respectively, against Artemia salina. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Facile generation of α,α-dibromodimethyl ketals from alkynes using TsNBr2

TsNBr₂ reacts with alkyne in the presence of methanol to form α,α-dibromodimethyl ketals instantaneously. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature without using any other catalyst. The one step reaction can be carried out with both aromatic and aliphatic alkynes in excellent yield.     

Asymmetric cross-aldol reaction of isatin and ketones catalyzed by crude earthworm extract as efficient biocatalyst

ABSTRACT

The asymmetric cross-aldol reaction of simple ketones (acetone, cyclohexanone) with isatin derivatives in the presence of crude extract from earthworms as green and effective biocatalyst proceeds easily in MeCN/H₂O (1:1) as solvent to afford 3-hydroxy-2-oxindoles derivatives. Ten compounds were synthesized in high yields (62–88%) and moderate ee (29–42%). Structure of the synthesized compounds has been characterized on the basis of NMR spectra and CHN analysis. The ee of the obtained compounds was determined by chiral phase HPLC analysis.