Discrete simulation and micromechanical analysis of two-dimensional saturated granular media

In this study, a novel approach to incorporate the pore water pressure in the discrete element method (DEM) to comprehensively model saturated granular media was developed. A numerical model was constructed based on the DEM by implanting additional routines in the basic DEM code; pore water pressure calculations were used with a two-dimensional (2D) model to simulate the undrained behavior of saturated granular media. This model coupled the interaction of solid particles and the pore fluid in saturated granular media. Finally, several 2D undrained shear tests were simulated. The test results showed that the model could predict the response of the saturated granular soil to shear loading. The effect of initial compaction was investigated. Biaxial tests on dense and loose specimens were conducted, and the effect of the initial density on the change in shear strength and the volume change of the system was investigated. The overall behavior of loose and dense specimens was phenomenologically similar to the real granular material. Constant volume tests were simulated, and the results were compared to those from the coupled model. Induced anisotropy was micromechanically investigated by studying the contact force orientation. The change in anisotropy depended on the modeling scheme. However, the overall responses of the media obtained using the coupled and constant volume methods were similar.     

Discrete simulation and micromechanical analysis of two-dimensional saturated granular media

In this study, a novel approach to incorporate the pore water pressure in the discrete element method （DEM） to comprehensively model saturated granular media was developed. A numerical model was constructed based on the DEM by implanting additional routines in the basic DEM code; pore water pressure calculations were used with a two-dimensional （2D） model to simulate the undrained behavior of satu- rated granular media. This model coupled the interaction of solid particles and the pore fluid in saturated granular media. Finally, several 2D undrained shear tests were simulated. The test results showed that the model could predict the response of the saturated granular soil to shear loading. The effect of initial compaction was investigated. Biaxial tests on dense and loose specimens were conducted, and the effect of the initial density on the change in shear strength and the volume change of the system was inves- tigated. The overall behavior of loose and dense specimens was phenomenologically similar to the real granular material. Constant volume tests were simulated, and the results were compared to those from the coupled model. Induced anisotropy was micromechanically investigated by studying the contact force orientation. The change in anisotropy depended on the modeling scheme. However, the overall responses of the media obtained usinz the couoled and constant volume methods were similar.     

Experimental Investigation of Opposing Mixed Convection in a Channel with an open Cavity Below

Abstract

In this article, mixed convection in an open cavity with a heated wall bounded by a horizontal unheated plate is investigated experimentally. The heated wall is on the opposite side of the forced inflow. The results are reported in terms of wall temperature profiles of the heated wall and flow visualization. The range of pertinent parameters used in this experiment are Reynolds numbers (Re) from 100 to 2,000 and Richardson numbers (Ri) from 4.3 to 6,400. Also, the ratio between the length and the height of cavity (L/D) ranges from 0.5–2.0, and the ratio between the channel and cavity height (H/D) is equal to 1.0. The lack of experimental results on mixed convection in a channel with an open cavity below was an impetus for investigating this configuration when one cavity vertical wall is heated at uniform heat flux. The present results show that at the lowest investigated Reynolds number, the surface temperatures are lower than the corresponding surface temperatures for Re = 2,000 at the same ohmic heat flux. The flow visualization shows that for Re = 1,000, there are two nearly distinct fluid motions: a parallel forced flow in the channel and a recirculation flow inside the cavity. For Re = 100, the effect of a stronger buoyancy determines a penetration of thermal plumes from the heated plate wall into the upper channel. Moreover, the flow visualization shows that for lower Reynolds numbers, the forced motion penetrates inside the cavity, and a vortex structure is adjacent to the unheated vertical plate. At higher Reynolds numbers, the vortex structure has a larger extension while L/D is held constant.     

Die Frontenmarkierung mit radioaktiven Isotopen bei der Untersuchung technischer Ionenauschprozesse

Der Einsatz radioaktiver Isotoper bewährt sich bei der Untersuchung von Ionenaustauschprozessen auβerordentlich, da hierdurch eine unmittelbare Kontrolle des Konzentrationsverlaufes der Komponenten im Eluat, zugleich aber auch in der Säule mögl;ich ist. Bei technischen Versuchen bereitet aber die Anwendung radioaktiver Isotope insofern unter Umständen gewisse Schwierigkeiten, als relativ groβe Lösungsmengen radioaktiv markiert werden mūssen. Es wäre sehr mützlich, wenn sich die zur Markierung benötigte Menge eines Radionuklids ohne Einbuβe an Aussagewert des Versuchs wesentlich senken lieβe, indem nur die Front des betreffenden Elements markiert wird. Die Theorie des Ionenaustauschs legte eine solche Möglichkeit nahe, und wie ein mit ⁶⁰Co durchgeführter Versuch zeigt, ergibt sich für das aktive Co innerhalb der Front inaktiven Kobalts tatsächlich nahezu der von der Theorie geforderte Verlauf. Von dieser Möglichkeit wurde in einem technischen Versuch zur Reinigung einer Platin-Rhodium-Lösung an einem Kationenaustauscher mit Erfolg Gebrauch gemacht.     

Investigation of the ferroelectric–relaxor crossover in Ce-doped BaTiO3 ceramics by impedance spectroscopy and Raman study

BaCe _x Ti_{1? x} O₃ (x?=?0.06, 0.10, and 0.20) solid solutions were prepared via conventional the solid-state reaction and sintered at 1500°C for 4?h, resulting in dense single phase ceramics with homogeneous microstructures. The electric field dependence of permittivity of the BaCe _x Ti_{1? x} O₃ ceramics was investigated in detail, together with the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition features. A transformation from normal to relaxor ferroelectrics was observed by increasing the Ce concentration. For low-Ce content, a substitution of Ce on both A and B site positions was proposed from the dielectric study and confirmed by Raman analysis.     

X-ray investigation of dialkyldimethylammonium bromides

Abstract

A Series of dialkyldimethylammonium bromides (DDAB), (C _n H_2n+1)zN⁺(CH₃)₂Br^?with n = 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 were investigated using X-ray diffraction. Measurements were performed by the photographic Guinier method as well as by diffractometer on samples aligned on a glass substrate. For a sample with n=12, X-ray high-pressure measurements were also performed which allowed us to confirm the destabilization under pressure of the phase existing on heating above the first transition point. For all the studied compounds, except for that with n =16, strong hysteresis and rich polymorphism were observed. A smectic T phase - high-temperature liquid crystal was confirmed for compounds with n= 16 and 18. All the remaining alkylammonⁱum salts have smectic an E high-temperature liquid crystal phase.     

Investigation of the Oxidation-Reduction Characteristics of Heterocyclic Quinones

An electrochemical investigation was undertaken into the oxidation–reduction characteristics of heterocyclic quinones including derivatives of indazole, benzimidazole, benzofuran, benzothiazole, and isoquinoline. It was established that the compounds are reduced with the successive irreversible transfer of two electrons. The effect of structural factors and the nature of the heterocycle on the ease of reduction of the compounds is examined.     

Structural and morphological investigation of electrochemically synthesized polyacrylamide ultrafiltration membranes

The morphology and supramolecular structure of a polyacrylamide-formaldehyde ultrafiltration membrane synthesized by electropolymerization of monomers are studied. The experimental methods include transmission microscopy (differential interference contrast), atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. It is established that the membrane is asymmetrical and comprise two layers, specifically, a dense near-cathode (selective) layer and a loose matrix layer. A mechanism of formation of the layers is proposed. The microgeometry of the surface of films is examined. The effect of electropolymerization conditions on the thickness of the membrane and the near-cathode layer and the coefficient of linear thermal expansion is studied.     

旋转离心叶轮内部非定常流动实验研究

利用激光成像速度仪(PIV)测量了旋转离心叶轮内部的非定常流场,获得了旋转离心叶轮内部相对速度的非定常流场分布。详细分析了叶轮内部非定常流动现象和流动规律。通过实验研究发现旋转离心叶轮内部的流动是非定常,在叶轮出口处,叶片的吸力面与轮盖的夹角区存在一个低速区,并观察到了明显的射流/尾迹结构。射流区和尾流区的大小和范围在沿盘盖方向和跨叶片方向上是不同的。射流区和尾流区之间不存在明显的分界线。     

场协同理论在交变流动缝隙式回热器中的数值验证

本文对缝隙式回热器在非稳态交交流动下的流动和换热问题做了二维的数值模拟,并重点对其在交交流动下的场协同问题做了计算与分析。数值计算表明,场协同原理作为指导强化对流换热的原则,同样可以指导交交流动下的换热强化。